HOUSE BILL NO. 350 An Act relating to terroristic threatening. REPRESENTATIVE LESIL MCGUIRE, SPONSOR, testified in support of the legislation. She commented that September 11, 2001 changed the lives of Alaskan and Americans. What was once a concern for the safety of those living, working or visiting foreign destination from terrorist acts has painfully come to the homeland. The Nation has been warned of the dangers associated with terrorism. Representative McGuire stated that terrorism is not confined to public transportation, the bombing of buildings or government offices. The added threat of chemical and biological warfare and weapons of mass destruction make it clear that the world is in need of redefining our laws regarding terrorism. Representative McGuire continued that the threat alone of a terrorism act could cripple the community. Imagine the chaos that would occur if someone said that they had just contaminated the public water utility with a deadly chemical agent. Citizens would panic, schools and businesses would close, and in general the community would come to a standstill. House Bill 350 would increase criminal penalties for certain acts of terrorism and would prohibit terroristic threats intended to frighten or cause specific harm to citizens. House Bill 350 would increase penalties of threats to water, food supplies, utilities and pipelines. The bill would also provide law enforcement for the necessary tools to arrest, detain and ultimately prosecute an individual who threatens public areas or conveyances. Any threat at this time, must be taken seriously. House Bill 350 would increase criminal penalties for certain acts of terrorism threats and would punish criminals in accordance with the law. Representative McGuire proposed a change be made to Page 9, Line 26, deleting "an" and inserting "a public". She thought that change would serve as a middle ground to narrow concerns of the public about it being overly broad. Representative McGuire requested that Ms. Carpeneti address the bill in further detail. Representative Hudson MOVED to adopt the proposed amendment to Page 9, Line 26, deleting "an" and inserting "a public". Representative Whitaker asked for an explanation of the proposed language change. Representative McGuire pointed out that Line 21, sub-section ©, already states, "causes serious public inconvenience". She thought that it could be reasonably argued that a private versus public charter would be preferred. Representative Whitaker asked why the State was concerned it would be "overly broad" by not inserting "public". ANNE CARPENETI, ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, LEGAL SERVICES SECTION, CRIMINAL DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LAW, stated that the concern is that the State wanted to move slowly in terms of what is done for a crime of terroristic threat. A crime like that could be of harm to the public convenience. There being NO further OBJECTION, Amendment #1 was passed. LINDA WILSON, (TESTIFIED VIA TELECONFERENCE), DEPUTY DIRECTOR, ALASKA PUBLIC DEFENDER AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION, agreed that since September 11, 2001, the State government and Legislature want to and feel the need to respond with appropriate legislation to address threatening in an effort to tighten any loop holes. Ms. Wilson noted that the Public Defenders Agency does support those efforts, however, it does not support HB 350. Ms. Wilson outlined the concerns with the bill. The concerns have to due with proportionality. The criminal laws in Alaska were carefully classified in accordance with the seriousness of the injury and the cope-ability of the defendant. When crimes were classified in Alaska twenty- five years ago, you would look at the nature of the harm and the cope-ability of the defendant. A Class A felony has been classified for those crimes that involve conduct that actually results in serious physical injury. Class B felonies are generally reported for crimes that are less severe and the most aggravated of property damages. Crimes that are current Class A felonies are assault in the stst 1 degree, arson in the 1 degree, misconduct involving st weapons in the 1 degree, and misconduct involving st controlled substances in the 1 degree. The crimes that are generally classified as a Class B felony are aggravated nd burglary, perjury, forgery, and less serious property or threat to physical injury. Ms. Wilson stated that HB 350 in regard to the portionality and the classification scheme currently in statute would fuse that by moving some crimes "up" to levels beyond which they perhaps should be. She pointed out that Page 3, st Section 3, proposes to create murder in the 1 degree a felony murder specifically for the new classification of st criminal mischief in the 1 degree as an Class A felony and st the newly created terroristic threatening in the 1 degree. Ms. Wilson stated that right now, felony murder is nd classified as murder in the 2 degree. When there is a felony committed, there are probably ten crimes listed in nd murder in the 2 degree felony murder section. Those crimes nd currently listed in murder of the 2 degree category are: · Kidnapping st · Arson in the 1 degree · Sexual assault stnd · Sexual abuse of a minor in the 1 or 2 degree st · Burglary in the 1 degree stnd · Escape in the 1 or 2 degree · Robbery in any degree nd · Misconduct involving a controlled substance in the 2 degree nd HB 350 would "leap frog" over murder in the 2 degree for st the particular criminal mischief in the 1 degree and st terroristic threatening and puts it up to murder in the 1 degree. She recommended that it would be more appropriately stationed with the other serious crimes, itemized in murder nd in the 2 degree. st Ms. Wilson continued that the criminal mischief in the 1 degree section, elevates what is currently a Class B felony to an Class A felony. By doing that, classification of crime should not be piece mealed together. She thought that it would be more appropriate to take a generalized approach to classifications and not by a response to one incident. st As currently written, criminal mischief in the 1 degree seems appropriate for a Class B felony. Ms. Wilson pointed out that a person could get nearly 10 years for a B felony. Ms. Wilson referenced the terroristic threat provisions of the bill, Page 8, Section 17. The Public Defender's concerns with that section are that there should be specific intent to place a person in fear. The problem with the language is that it does not require a result. Adding that with the broad language of the biological or chemical substance, defined broadly as to include material that is harmful to the health of a person, would classify it as a Class B felony. She recommended that an element or result be included which could be accomplished by amending the language to require that they have the intent to and that they additionally either place the person in fear, cause evacuation of a building or cause serious public inconvenience. Ms. Wilson clarified that in several statutes, biological and chemical weapons are described. She thought that changing the language from substance to weapons, and makes it something that is just "harmful" to a person than something that is more toxic or designed to cause death or harm to that person for what is being attempted to be addressed in that particular offense. nd Ms. Wilson spoke to terrorist threatening in the 2 degree; the amendment proposed would be well taken. She added that it would be very appropriate to eliminate completely subsection (e). That language is already covered by subsection © and is broad. Ms. Wilson thought the language could be too broad. Ms. Wilson clarified that the concerns of the Public Defender Agency are that the legislation should look at the portionality and that the crimes fit so that there are no st loopholes. However, jumping into a murder in the 1 degree would be too much in one direction. Additionally, jumping rd to criminal mischief in the 3 degree to an Class A felony is not appropriate and should stay in the Class B felony that it already is. Representative Croft referenced the "terroristic st threatening" in the 1 degree. He suggested if there was a practical joke situation in which the intent of the person was to place the other person in fear of physical injury, would that be classified as a Class B felony. Ms. Wilson replied that it would. Representative Croft pointed out that the "intent" was to place a person in fear of a physical injury. The "intent" would be the cause for fear. He asked what the penalty st would be for 1 degree murder. Ms. Wilson replied that penalty would be 20 to 99 years in nd prison. The penalty for a 2 degree murder would be 5 to 99 years in prison. Representative Croft asked if there was a possibility that st the court could give less than 20 years for a 1 murder. Ms. Wilson responded that they could not. TAPE HFC 02 - 89, Side B  Ms. Carpeneti explained that the material would have to be actually harmful to a person's health. The intent was to prohibit false anthrax scares that cause public inconvenience. Co-Chair Williams asked if Ms. Wilson had testified before the House Judiciary Committee. Ms. Wilson replied that she had not as there had been complications with her equipment system. Co-Chair Williams recommended that the bill should be placed into Subcommittee to address the legal concerns. Ms. Carpeneti asked to respond to comments made by Ms. Wilson. She pointed out that many of the provisions contained in HB 350 were taken from the Governor's terrorism package. She added that after September 11th, the Department of Law attorney's got together to discuss criminal acts. The conclusion was that there are holes in our current criminal codes, with the main concern being damage to the pipeline, a damage that could cause serious public harm. Other concerns are damage to water supplies and the possibility of an anthrax scare. Ms. Carpeneti disagreed with comments made by Ms. Wilson. Causing damage to the oil or gas pipeline or a supporting facility is reasonable to raise from a Class B to a Class A felony. The bill raises all conduct in terms of the pipeline on one level. That is what exists in current law, a Class B felony. It would raise it to a Class A felony. st Ms. Carpeneti commented that murder in the 1 degree, such as when someone kills another person when blowing up a pipeline facility, that sort of terroristic act has the potential to cause a lot of harm, which made it appropriate st to increase the charge to murder in the 1 degree. Ms. Carpeneti agreed with Ms. Wilson's specifics that perhaps it could be "tighter", however, she noted that something would need to be "harmful". She added that would answer the concerns voiced by Representative Croft. She commented that these had been the concerns discussed throughout the State regarding the problems with Alaska's criminal code and response to acts of terrorism. Representative Hudson pointed out the five fiscal notes. Representative Davies agreed that terrorist activity concerning the pipeline should be reclassified. He thought that if there was "intent" but nothing actually happened, nd the crime should be classified as 2 degree. He referenced the section. Ms. Carpeneti replied that section does not address harm to the pipeline. In response to Representative J. Davies, Ms. Carpeneti explained that the way in which "intent" is proven is through being successful. Representative McGuire countered that the State already has on the books AS 11.56.810 which includes all the items with the actual exemption of sending a "package". She thought that Representative J. Davies' concern rested with reference back to Section #3. Representative Davies agreed that was part of it and would also include the reality of the event actually happening. st He noted his concern with the crime raising it to the 1 st degree. He suggested to take the written language in the 1 nd degree, move it to the 2 degree and then rewrite it for when one of the listed offenses actually happens. Representative McGuire agreed that would work. Representative Croft acknowledged that he liked the bill and the intent. He worried about some sections of the bill and offered to help address those concerns. Representative McGuire advised that it had been the intent to take portions of the Governor's bill and her bill and make the definitions consistent. She noted that the biological and chemical substance is consistent throughout the bill and added that she was willing to narrow that language with the suggested conceptual language. Representative Croft asked Ms. Wilson if she had referenced the federal law definitions. Ms. Wilson advised that she used definitions from the Internet that defined Title 18, U.S. Code, the definition of a chemical weapon as a "toxic chemical and its' precursors that are intended for a purpose not prohibited under that chapter". It also mentioned a chemical weapon being a munitions or device specifically designed to cause death or other harm through toxic properties. Representative Croft acknowledged that language could be too "tight" but that it could be used as the "outer" guidelines. Co-Chair Williams commented that the bill would be HELD in Committee for Representative McGuire, Ms. Carpeneti and Representative Croft to meet to discuss the legal matters. HB 350 was HELD in Committee for further consideration.