SB 92-CORP. INCOME TAX; OIL & GAS ENTITIES  3:48:38 PM CHAIR GIESSEL announced the consideration of SENATE BILL NO. 92 "An Act establishing an income tax on certain entities producing or transporting oil or gas in the state; and providing for an effective date." CHAIR GIESSEL noted that this was the fourth hearing of SB 92 by the Senate Resources Committee, and that the committee was now the sponsor of SB 92. 3:49:17 PM INTIMAYO HARBISON, Staff, Senator Cathy Giessel, Alaska State Legislature, Juneau, Alaska, moved to slide 1 and explained that the purpose of the presentation was to address concerns that SB 92 could be applied to S corporations (S-Corps) unrelated to oil and gas production. 3:50:08 PM MR. HARBISON moved to and narrated slide 2: [Original punctuation provided.] C Corporations are taxed separately from their owners, meaning they pay taxes on their profits and then the shareholders pay taxes again on any dividends they receive. S Corporations pass their profits and losses directly to their shareholders' personal tax returns, avoiding the perceived "double taxation" seen with C Corporations. S Corporations were created in the tax code on January 1, 1958. There are specific requirements and restrictions for an entity to qualify as an S Corporation: • Does not have more than 100 shareholders • Does not have a shareholder who is not an individual (with the exception for various tax- exempt organizations, estates and trusts) • Does not have a nonresident alien as a shareholder • Does not have more than one class of stock (DCCED, Div of Corp, business & prof licensing) There are ~11,700 S Corporations registered in the Alaska. (Alaska Department of Revenue Indirect Expenditure Report 2024) 3:51:45 PM MR. HARBISON moved to and narrated slide 3: [Original punctuation provided.] Limited Liability Companies  Limited Liability Company (LLC) were first introduced in Wyoming in 1977, but did not catch on until the 1990s. A limited liability company is a legal business entity, considered its own "person" by law, which exists separate from its members. An LLC shares the limited liability features of a corporation but has the management and tax efficiencies of a partnership. Members' liabilities are limited to their financial contributions meaning an individual members' liability is only extends to what they contribute to the LLC. Limited liability does not shield owners of the LLC from negligence liability. LLCs have an array of tax options. For example, members may file taxes as one of the following, but not limited to: • Single member LLC taxed as Sole Proprietorships (Sole Prop) • Partners in an LLC taxed as a Traditional  Partnership (LLP) • LLC taxed as a Corporation, including S  Corporations or C Corporations (S-Corp, C-Corp) 3:53:16 PM MR. HARBISON continued to narrate slide 3: LLCs can elect to be taxed as S Corporations if they meet the requirements, but they have more flexibility in structure and management compared to traditional S Corporations. So, if an LLC opts for S Corporation status, it's taxed similarly to other S Corporations, but with the added flexibility of the LLC framework. According to the Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development, as of 2024, there are 67,133  active LLCs registered in Alaska. This number can fluctuate with new formations and dissolutions. 3:54:03 PM SENATOR MYERS asked to be provided with the number of S-Corps and LLCs based in Alaska versus based outside the state. 3:54:20 PM MR. HARBISON affirmed that he could obtain those numbers from the Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development (DCCED). 3:54:31 PM SENATOR CLAMAN asked to be provided with the number of C corporations (C-Corps) in Alaska. 3:54:46 PM MR. HARBISON said he would pass the number of C-Corps in Alaska to the committee when it was received from the DCCED. 3:55:02 PM MR. HARBISON moved to and narrated slide 4: [Original punctuation provided.] Alaska Linkage to Federal Code  Federal Code Linkage: Alaska generally follows federal tax rules for federal tax purposes but does not have its own state income tax code. Instead, Alaska uses federal tax rules as a basis for compliance and reporting for businesses operating within the state. This means that while there's no separate state income tax code, businesses and individuals must adhere to federal tax regulations for their federal tax filings. Both S Corporations and LLCs enjoy similar tax treatments in Alaska due to the state's lack of a state income tax. Individual Income Tax Repeal: Alaska originally implemented an individual income tax in 1949. However, this income tax was repealed in 1979. The repeal came as a result of the state's new revenue source, the Alaska Permanent Fund, which was established to manage oil revenues and provide annual dividends to Alaskans. The creation of the Permanent Fund reduced the need for individual income taxes. 3:56:18 PM MR. HARBISON moved to and narrated slide 5: [Original punctuation provided.] AS 43.20.021  Current Statutes for companies filing as S Corporations • "Under Alaska's adoption of the Internal Revenue Code [AS 43.20.021], corporations that have elected S Corporation status are generally not subject to tax. • Prior to 1980, the stakeholders' share of income was subject to Alaska's personal income tax. • Since the 1980 repeal of the state's personal income tax, the income is taxed neither at the corporate level nor at the shareholder level" -Legislative Finance Division Indirect Expenditure Report January 2021 3:57:04 PM MR. HARBISON moved to and narrated slide 6: [Original punctuation provided.] AS 43.20.011 (e)  Current Statute for companies filing as C Corporations *Last amended 2013 If the taxable income is: Then the tax is: Less than $25,000 0 percent of the taxable income $25,000 but less than $49,000 2 percent of the taxable income over $25,000 $49,000 but less than $74,000 $480 plus 3 percent of the taxable income over $49,000 $74,000 but less than $99,000 $1,230 plus 4 percent of the taxable income over $74,000 $99,000 but less than $124,000 $2,230 plus 5 percent of the taxable income over $99,000 $124,000 but less than $148,000 $3,480 plus 6 percent of the taxable income over $124,000 $148,000 but less than $173,000 $4,920 plus 7 percent of the taxable income over $148,000 $173,000 but less than $198,000 $6,670 plus 8 percent of the taxable income over $173,000 $198,000 but less than $222,000 $8,670 plus 9 percent of the taxable income over $198,000 $222,000 or more $10,830 plus 9.4 percent of the taxable income over $222,000 3:57:45 PM MR. HARBISON moved to and narrated slide 7. He noted that the tax structure for C-Corps would not change under SB 92 and reiterated that SB 92 only applies to oil and gas companies: [Original punctuation provided.] SB 92 Changes  Proposed changes for companies filing as S Corporations *No change to C Corporation tax If the taxable income is: Then the tax is: Less than $25,000 0 percent of the taxable income $25,000 but less than $49,000 0 percent of the taxable income over $25,000 $49,000 but less than $74,000 $0 plus 0 percent of the taxable income over $49,000 $74,000 but less than $99,000 $0 plus 0 percent of the taxable income over $74,000 $99,000 but less than $124,000 $0 plus 0 percent of the taxable income over $99,000 $124,000 but less than $148,000 $0 plus 0 percent of the taxable income over $124,000 $148,000 but less than $173,000 $0 plus 0 percent of the taxable income over $148,000 $173,000 but less than $198,000 $0 plus 0 percent of the taxable income over $173,000 $198,000 but less than $5,000,000 $0 plus 0 percent of the taxable income over $198,000 $5,000,000 or more $0 plus 9.4 percent of the taxable income over $5,000,000 3:58:47 PM SENATOR DUNBAR asked whether taxable income, in the context of SB 92, was the gross revenue or if it was the net revenue after deducting some or all costs. 3:59:35 PM MR. HARBISON said the tax would apply to income after companies had taken their deductions for costs. 3:59:55 PM CHAIR GIESSEL asked for confirmation from the Department of Revenue (DOR). 4:00:08 PM MICHAEL WILLIAMS, Corporate Tax Manager, Tax Division, Department of Revenue (DOR), Anchorage, Alaska, affirmed that the tax proposed by SB 92 would apply to the net income, or the income less expenses. 4:00:34 PM SENATOR MYERS referred to slides 6 and 7 and noted there did not seem to be parity between C-corps and S-corps. He asked why SB 92 did not cause the two different tax brackets to match. 4:01:34 PM SENATOR WIELECHOWSKI concurred and suggested amending SB 92 so the two brackets do match. 4:01:59 PM CHAIR GIESSEL announced invited testimony on SB 92. 4:02:36 PM JOHN LETOURNEAU, Certified Public Accountant (CPA), Thomas, Head, and Greisen, Anchorage, Alaska, testified by invitation in support of SB 92. 4:02:57 PM MR. LETOURNEAU moved to slide 1, describing the hypothetical parameters of his presentation: [Original punctuation provided.] SB 92: Tax analysis  By John Letourneau, CPA, Thomas, Head and Greisen Assume the following for an entity with operations entirely sourced to Alaska • $50 million gross income • $40 million qualified expenses and deductions Resulting in $10 million pre tax taxable income 4:03:43 PM MR. LETOURNEAU moved to and narrated slide 2. [Original punctuation provided.] Current tax structure: Alaska  State Corporate Income Tax  C-Corps S-Corps & LLCs Taxable Income $10,000,000 $10,000,000 Alaska Corporate $930,150 $0 Tax owed* *tax is $10,830 on the first $220,000 and 9.4% on everything above $220,000 MR. LEOURNEAU explained that: • A C-corp with $10 million in taxable income owes roughly $930,000 in Alaska corporate income tax (at about 9.4 percent, with slight reductions due to bracket "stair steps"). • An S-corp or LLC owes no Alaska tax at the entity level because these are pass-through entities, their income flows to the owners. • Since Alaska has no individual income tax, S-corp owners pay no tax on that income in Alaska. • An LLC owned by a taxable C-corp would become part of that corporation's overall taxable income, and tax would then be collected from the C-corp rather than the LLC itself. 4:05:45 PM MR. LETOURNEAU moved to slide 3: [Original punctuation provided.] Current tax structure: Federal taxes 2025  Current Federal Law  Federal corporate income tax  C-Corps Pre AK tax Federal $10 million taxable income Gross Alaska $930,150 Federal taxable income $9,069,850 after Alaska Corporate tax, expenses and deductions Gross Federal $1,904,669 Corporate income tax* Federal individual income tax  S-Corps & LLCs Federal taxable $8,000,000 income** Tax on first $751,600 $202,155 Tax on income above $2,681,908 $751,600*** Total federal individual $2,884,063 income tax * Federal corporate tax rate is 21% ** Includes a 199A deduction of 20% *** Highest marginal tax rate is 37% MR. LETOURNEAU pointed out that under current federal law, this example showed higher federal tax when the business is an S-corp owned by an individual than when it is a C-corp. However, he said federal rules may change soon because several provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act expired at the end of 2025. 4:08:01 PM SENATOR MYERS asked for clarification on how the Section 199A 20 percent deduction worked for S-corps as pass-through entities. He noted that his own personal deduction, the standard deduction of about $24,000, was capped, so a 20 percent deduction of business income seemed very different. 4:08:29 PM MR. LETOURNEAU explained that Congress created Section 199A in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to reduce the effective marginal tax rate for certain taxpayers engaged in operating businesses. He said oil and gas extraction companies qualified as operating businesses. He said 199A provided a non-cash deduction equal to 20 percent of net business profits, meaning that portion of the income was simply not taxed. He explained that if an S- corporation shareholder received $10 million in profits, 20 percent of that, $2 million was excluded from taxation to encourage business activity and risk-taking. He said the deduction was limited in scope and would not apply to interest, dividends, or other passive income, but only to specific types of active business income Congress wanted to encourage. 4:10:07 PM SENATOR HUGHES referred to the figures for C-corps on slide 3. She noted that deductions for intangible drilling costs and for reserve depletion were not included and asked whether Mr. Letourneau was aware of them. 4:10:33 PM MR. LETOURNEAU explained that the assumed $40 million deduction in the hypothetical included those deductions. 4:10:55 PM SENATOR HUGHES noted that the hypothetical included the same deductions for the S-corps, but it was her understanding that S- corps did not receive them at the federal level. 4:11:08 PM MR. LETOURNEAU noted that S-corp owners likely received many of the same deductions, such as intangible drilling cost deductions, but that he did not analyze the specific components of the applicable deductions. He explained that the presentation was intended as a high-level overview of C-corp vs. S-corp tax structure, not a detailed walkthrough of the tax rules. He offered to follow up. 4:11:50 PM SENATOR HUGHES said she did not think an S-corp would receive the full $40 million expense deduction proposed by the hypothetical. She argued that the S-corps starting amount would be higher because they could not take the intangible drilling cost deduction or the reserve depletion deduction. 4:12:25 PM SENATOR HUGHES asked that Mr. LeTourneau research [the qualified deductions for S-corps] and correct the hypothetical. She urged that it would illustrate the lack of parity. 4:12:54 PM MR. LETOURNEAU moved to slide 4 and pointed out that the C-corp and S-corp end up with similar total tax burdens: [Original punctuation provided.] Current structure: Total Gross Income Tax liability  C-Corps S-Corps & LLCs Alaska corporate $930,150 - income tax Federal corporate $1,904,669 - income tax (2026 Current IRC) Federal individual - $2,884,063 income tax (2026 Current IRC) Total $2,834,819 $2,884,063  MR. LETOURNEAU noted the earlier discussion about double taxation and explained that the C-corp number shown only reflects the first level of tax, the corporate-level tax. He said the second layer would occur if the C corp distributed profits as dividends to shareholders, creating a double-taxation effect. 4:14:31 PM MR. LETOURNEAU moved to and narrated slide 5, a summary of the impact of SB 92. [Original punctuation provided.]   SB 92 tax structure: Alaska Income Tax  C-Corps S-Corps & LLCs Alaska taxable income $10,000,000 $5,000,000* Tax owed $930,150 $470,000** *SB 92 exempts the first $5,000,000 from taxation ** Tax rate is 9.4% on all taxable income over $5,000,000 4:15:23 PM MR. LETOURNEAU moved to and narrated slide 6. He highlighted that under SB 92, a C-corp would pay about $1.9 million in federal tax on $10M income after Alaska deductions, while an S Corporation's individual shareholder would pay $2.7 million in federal tax, assuming Alaska state taxes were federally deductible: [Original punctuation provided.] SB 92 tax structure: Federal taxes 2025 Current IRC  Federal corporate income tax  C-Corps Pre AK tax Federal $10 million taxable income Gross Alaska $930,150 Federal taxable income $9,069,850 after Alaska Corporate tax, expenses and deductions Gross Federal $1,904,669 Corporate income tax* Federal individual income tax  S-Corps Federal taxable income $10,000,000 before Alaska tax & 199A deduction Alaska Qualified Entity $470,000 income tax Federal taxable income** $7,624,000 Tax on first $751,600 $202,155 Tax on income above $2,681,908 $751,600*** Total federal individual $2,884,063 income tax * Federal corporate tax rate is 21 percent ** Includes a 199A deduction of 20 percent *** Highest marginal tax rate is 37 percent 4:17:47 PM MR. LETOURNEAU moved to slide 7, summarizing the tax patterns for C-corps and S-corps under SB 92. He emphasized that the federal income tax would be paid by the individual, not by the entity: [Original punctuation provided.] Under SB 92: Total gross income tax liability  C-Corps S-Corps & LLCs State Corporate $930,150 - Income tax State Qualified Entity $470,000 Income Tax Federal corporate $1,904,669 - income tax Federal individual - $2,744,943 income tax Total $2,834,819 $3,214,943  4:18:50 PM SENATOR HUGHES commented that if an S-corp was unable to claim the same deductions that C-corps could, the total tax paid by S- corps would be higher. She requested that the hypothetical and calculations be re-done to demonstrate this. 4:19:21 PM CHAIR GIESSEL noted that supporting documents submitted by Mr. Letourneau included detailed calculations beyond what was on the slides, showing tax deductions applied to the $470,000 state tax on $50 million income, which could further reduce state taxes. She said the documents were available to committee members and to the public online. 4:20:41 PM SENATOR DUNBAR sought clarification on the impact of the 9.4 percent corporate tax proposed by SB 92. He expressed concern that the tax might appear to increase the total tax burden by 9.4 percent. He asked for confirmation that the actual increase is less due to the interaction between state and federal taxes. 4:21:40 PM MR. LETOURNEAU concurred and explained that because the new tax was imposed at the entity level, individual owners can deduct that state tax on their federal tax returns. This deduction would reduce their individual federal taxable income and provide a federal tax benefit, roughly lowering the after-tax cost of the state tax from about $470,000 to around $330,000 in the example. 4:22:51 PM SENATOR DUNBAR asked for confirmation that the ratio isn't one- to-one, i.e. the individual could not deduct the entire state tax increase from its federal taxes. However, they would still receive a partial federal deduction, which means the actual overall increase in their total tax burden would be smaller than the full state-level tax increase. He asked if this understanding was correct. 4:23:25 PM MR. LETOURNEAU concurred and clarified that the federal benefit was a deduction, not a dollar-for-dollar credit. The state tax can be deducted like any other qualified expense on the individual's return, but it does not reduce federal taxes by the full amount, only by the value of the deduction. 4:24:11 PM SENATOR CLAMAN referred to slide 7 and asked whether the difference in tax liability for S-Corps vs. C-corps might incentivize companies to switch from being an S-corp to C-corp. 4:24:48 PM MR. LETOURNEAU said he did not expect many S-corps or LLCs to convert to C-corps. He explained that converting to a C-corp was easy, but converting back to an S-corp was difficult under federal law. He also noted that C-corps faced double taxation and lost certain tax advantages available when selling or liquidating a flow-through business. Because of these disadvantages, he said he would be surprised if many businesses chose to switch. 4:26:18 PM SENATOR CLAMAN suggested that although Senator Hughes' questions about specific deductions were interesting, they weren't the focus of Mr. LeTourneau's hypothetical. The purpose of his example was simply to compare tax liability at the entity level, not to analyze every deduction. He suggested it wouldn't be necessary to ask him to provide more detailed work on deductions. 4:27:02 PM CHAIR GIESSEL concurred and pointed out that slide 7 showed C- corps would pay about $930,000 in state corporate tax, while comparable S-corps would pay roughly half that under SB 92. She noted the hypothetical assumed $50 million in income and $40 million in deductions. She referred to the fiscal note for Senate Bill 92, by Department of Revenue, OMB Component Number 2476, dated February 14, 2025, which estimated about $126.5 million in revenue in FY27. She observed that if each example S- corp paid about $470,000, it would take many such entities to reach the projected statewide revenue. 4:28:48 PM SENATOR CLAMAN restated his position that the hypothetical wasn't meant to reflect actual earnings or expenses from oil production. Its purpose was to illustrate what the tax situation would look like at the entity level under SB 92. He acknowledged the numbers were illustrative and higher values could have been used. He noted that while more detail could be obtained if entities shared their tax returns with the committee that was unlikely to happen. 4:29:28 PM CHAIR GIESSEL asserted that the hypothetical for the presentation satisfied the committees' question from the previous hearing on SB 92. It compared the current tax situation for both C-corps and S-corps under current law with the tax situation under SB 92 and demonstrated that the tax consequence for S-corps would remain about half. 4:30:07 PM CHAIR GIESSEL solicited questions on the presentation and thanked Mt. LeTourneau. 4:30:37 PM CHAIR GIESSEL concluded invited testimony on SB 92. 4:30:42 PM CHAIR GIESSEL opened public testimony on SB 92. 4:31:31 PM JERRY WEBRE, President, Little Red Services, Anchorage, Alaska, explained that he was not a tax expert, but that he drew on decades of experience in Alaska's oil and gas industry. He said Little Red Services provided hot oil pumping, well testing, and coil tubing services exclusively on the North Slope, and he expressed strong opposition to SB 92. He noted that Hilcorp's North Slope fields were active and production at Milne Point had increased significantly since Hilcorps gained ownership from BP. He argued that SB 92 would sharply raise taxes on both large and small oil and gas companies, increase energy costs, and harm Alaska-based suppliers and jobs. He said SB 92 would potentially worsen energy insecurity, particularly in Southcentral, where utilities already struggle to secure sufficient natural gas. He concluded by reiterating that their team firmly discourages passage of the bill. 4:34:14 PM HOLLIS FRENCH, representing self, Anchorage, Alaska, expressed strong support for SB 92, arguing that Alaska was the only state that did not tax S-corps and that this longstanding omission should be fixed. He emphasized the state's need for revenue, citing visible decline in public institutions and local conditions, including the university, the city, and rising homelessness in neighborhoods. He pointed out the city's [Anchorage] dependence on state assistance. He concludes by urging the committee to pass SB 92 and said he would be watching the vote closely. 4:35:34 PM BOB SHAVELSON, representing self, Homer, Alaska, concurred with prior testimony in support of SB 92. He argued that taxing S- corps was common sense and would level the playing field, particularly for companies like Hilcorp that profit in Alaska. He cited polling from Data for Progress showing broad public backing: 77 percent of Alaskans and 66 percent of Republicans for such a change. He urged passage of SB 92, noting Alaska was the only state that did not tax S-corps and emphasized the importance of fair contributions amid large budget deficits. 4:36:44 PM MADDIE HALLORAN, representing self, Anchorage, Alaska, said she had a lifelong connection to Anchorage and was concerned over declining public services, especially education. She viewed SB 92 as a way to help fund schools and balance the state budget by closing an unfair tax loophole. She noted estimates that SB 92 could generate about $100 million annually from companies profiting off public resources. Referencing strong public support shown in Data for Progress polling, she urged the committee to pass SB 92. 4:38:16 PM BEN BOETTGER, Energy Specialist, Cook InletKeeper, Soldotna, Alaska, testified in support of SB 92 on behalf of the nonprofit advocating for water quality and strong communities in the Cook Inlet watershed. He argued that closing the S-corp tax loophole was an important step toward stabilizing Alaska's fiscal situation and that taxing S-corp oil and gas producers was unlikely to discourage investment, given the profitability of similar C-corp operations. He emphasized that SB 92 would both reduce revenue losses contributing to budget deficits and promote basic tax fairness. He urged passage of SB 92. 4:39:13 PM SARAH FURMAN, representing self, Fairbanks, Alaska, said she supported SB 92, and said she was deeply concerned over Alaska projected $500 million budget deficit. She noted impacts of the ongoing budget challenges in Fairbanks leading to school closures, insufficient bas student allocation, and unfunded energy system upgrades. She argued that SB 92 would generate much-needed revenue and correct an unfair loophole in which some profitable corporations paid state income tax while S-corps did not. She emphasized that closing the loophole had been recommended for years and failing to act already cost the state hundreds of millions in revenue. She added that every other state taxed S-corps so the proposal was neither unusual nor extreme. She pointed out that public polling showed support for taxing S-corps and urged the legislature to listen to the will of the people. 4:41:06 PM NATALIE KILEY-BERGEN, Energy Lead, Alaska Public Interest Research Group (AKPRG), Anchorage, Alaska, said AKPIRG supported SB 92 because it would create parity in Alaska's corporate income tax system and help address the state's severe revenue shortfalls. She contended the legislature should fix tax loopholes rather than cut services, raise taxes on Alaskans, or reduce PFDs. She rejected the idea that exempting large S corporations from income tax brings jobs or development, noting Alaska's ongoing Cook Inlet gas shortfall despite an S-corp holding most leases. She argued that the legislature should guarantee that corporations invest in Alaska by imposing corporate taxes which support essential services that benefit businesses and communities. She highlighted that S-corps paid income tax in every other state, and that polling showed strong public support, about 77 percent statewide, for requiring companies like Hilcorp to pay. She said AKPIRG urged passage of SB 92. 4:43:24 PM GEORGIA HOUDE, representing self, Fairbanks, Alaska, said she supported SB 92. She said she was in her mid-twenties and emphasized the need to fund the state in ways that help communities grow and make Alaska a place where young people can build stable futures. She argued that it was unfair that S corporations used Alaska's natural resources without paying state income tax, allowing profits to leave the state instead of benefiting residents. She noted Alaska was the only state that allowed S corporations to avoid corporate taxes, highlighting the need for reform. With the state budget in deep need of funds, she viewed SB 92 as a first step toward prioritizing and funding public services that catalyze growth in communities. 4:44:50 PM CHAIR GIESSEL closed in-person public testimony on SB 92. She left public testimony open via written transmittal. 4:45:18 PM CHAIR GIESSEL referred to testimony claiming that no other states tax S-corps. She said there would be research to determine how other states do or do not tax S-corps. 4:45:40 PM SENATOR DUNBAR sought to clarify that the testimony claimed that every other state taxed S-corps. CHAIR GIESSEL concurred. 4:46:01 PM SENATOR DUNBAR said Alaska may not be the only state that doesn't tax S-corps, but it was likely the only, or one of very few states that had neither a personal income tax nor an S corp- tax. He mentioned New Hampshire's unusual property tax system as a partial analogy to an income-tax structure. He said he would appreciate further research on the issue. 4:46:37 PM SENATOR CLAMAN noted that most states did not tax S-corps directly because they levy personal income taxes on the shareholders instead. He referred to Texas as an example of a state without a personal income tax that also does not tax S- corps at the entity level. However, he said Texas imposed a broad franchise tax that applied to many types of business entities, not just S-corps. He said he did not know the detailed mechanics of the Texas franchise tax but expected forthcoming information to clarify how it functioned and how broadly it applied. 4:47:33 PM CHAIR GIESSEL said GaffneyCline would provide modeling for SB 92 in a future committee hearing. 4:48:03 PM [CHAIR GIESSEL held SB 92 in committee.]