Legislature(2013 - 2014)BARNES 124
04/03/2013 08:00 AM House ENERGY
| Audio | Topic |
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| Start | |
| Overview(s): State Energy Policy | |
| Adjourn |
* first hearing in first committee of referral
+ teleconferenced
= bill was previously heard/scheduled
+ teleconferenced
= bill was previously heard/scheduled
| + | TELECONFERENCED | ||
| + | TELECONFERENCED |
ALASKA STATE LEGISLATURE
HOUSE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON ENERGY
April 3, 2013
8:03 a.m.
MEMBERS PRESENT
Representative Doug Isaacson, Co-Chair
Representative Neal Foster
Representative Shelley Hughes
Representative Benjamin Nageak
Representative Andy Josephson
MEMBERS ABSENT
Representative Charisse Millett, Co-Chair
Representative Pete Higgins
COMMITTEE CALENDAR
OVERVIEW(S): STATE ENERGY POLICY
- HEARD
PREVIOUS COMMITTEE ACTION
No previous action to record
WITNESS REGISTER
SARA FISHER-GOAD, Executive Director
Alaska Energy Authority (AEA)
Department of Commerce, Community & Economic Development (DCCED)
Anchorage, Alaska
POSITION STATEMENT: Provided a PowerPoint presentation entitled
"Alaska Energy Authority Policy Overview," and dated 4/3/13.
GENE THERRIAULT, Deputy Director
Statewide Energy Policy Development
Alaska Energy Authority (AEA)
Department of Commerce, Community & Economic Development (DCCED)
Anchorage, Alaska
POSITION STATEMENT: Participated in the PowerPoint presentation
by the Alaska Energy Authority.
ACTION NARRATIVE
8:04:07 AM
CO-CHAIR DOUG ISAACSON called the House Special Committee on
Energy meeting to order at 8:03 a.m. Representatives Nageak,
Josephson, and Isaacson were present at the call to order.
Representatives Foster and Hughes arrived as the meeting was in
progress.
^OVERVIEW(S): STATE ENERGY POLICY
OVERVIEW(S): STATE ENERGY POLICY
8:04:35 AM
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON announced that the only order of business
would be a presentation by the Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) on
the state's energy policy. The presentation will include an
overview of energy-related activities ongoing throughout state
government.
8:06:29 AM
SARA FISHER-GOAD, Executive Director, Alaska Energy Authority
(AEA), Department of Commerce, Community & Economic Development,
(DCCED), said she will talk about AEA's role in and perspective
of the state's energy policy. She reminded the committee AEA's
mission is reducing the cost of energy through four primary
areas: Investing in Alaska's Energy Infrastructure;
Diversifying Alaska's Energy Portfolio; Energy Planning and
Policy; and Technical and Community Assistance [slide 2]. In
addition, the presentation will include information about the
Interior Energy Plan. Ms. Fisher-Goad assumed the committee's
interest in how the state agencies work together to proceed from
policy to projects. Many agencies in state government play a
role, beginning with the administration and executive branch
providing leadership, to financing mechanisms provided by the
Alaska Industrial Development & Export Authority (AIDEA). The
legislature has a role in directing AEA to policy development,
and her agency has provided project evaluations on the Interior
Energy Plan to its board. The board of directors has also heard
various project evaluations such as an economic analysis on the
introduction of a high voltage direct current (HVDC) project in
Alaska. The agency also has programs and projects to manage,
loans and direct grants to manage, project management, and
project oversight. Through its programs, AEA has made a
commitment to the legislature to provide oversight and
management as an ongoing aspect of projects under construction.
Ms. Fisher-Goad stressed that in addition to AIDEA, AEA has
partnerships with private organizations [slide 3]. She
presented a graph that depicted public and private sector energy
programs, residential programs with the Alaska Housing Finance
Corporation (AHFC), loan programs, AEA assistance programs,
Department of Health and Social Services (DHSS) programs, the
AEA Emerging Technology program, DCCED programs for commercial
loans, the AIDEA Sustainable Energy & Transmission Supply (SETS)
loan program, and the Bulk Fuel and Bridge Fuel loan programs.
She concluded that there are many agencies involved in programs
related to in-state energy use [slide 4].
8:14:40 AM
GENE THERRIAULT, Deputy Director, Statewide Energy Policy
Development, Alaska Energy Authority (AEA), Department of
Commerce, Community & Economic Development (DCCED), informed the
committee AEA seeks to ensure that state agencies follow the
energy policy set by the governor and the legislature. In
recent history, the renewable energy fund was established,
energy-related goals were set, funding sources were established
to achieve energy-related goals, and a loan program through
AIDEA was established to finance energy infrastructure
throughout the state. Therefore, AEA monitors progress towards
the state's goals by coordinating efforts between agencies
[slide 5].
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON asked how AEA works with the many private
energy interests in Alaska.
MR. THERRIAULT answered there is a lot of collaboration during
the administration of the renewable energy fund, and there is
interaction with the Alaska Energy Efficiency Partnership group
on implementing energy policy.
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON inquired as to the best way to communicate.
MR. THERRIAULT advised there is a contact person at each agency
to act as a link.
8:18:05 AM
MS. FISHER-GOAD stated AEA's goal for the Statewide Energy
Policy Development team is to serve as a clearinghouse and a
point of contact on issues such as access to state land and
state resources for energy development, and the Interior Energy
Plan. For example, AEA seeks how to utilize the propane
available as a byproduct of the liquefied natural gas (LNG)
trucking project to reduce the cost of energy for those who will
not be connected to the natural gas distribution system. Within
AEA, there are technical resources on which Mr. Therriault can
draw to provide policy recommendations.
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON surmised on the propane project AEA will
interact with the Denali Commission, tribal organizations,
village councils, city governments, and Native corporations. He
asked whether AEA has sufficient resources to coordinate multi-
agencies for one project.
MS. FISHER-GOAD said the Interior Energy Plan is a good example
of how AEA can draw on its internal resources. As an agency,
AEA manages its resources in an efficient manner and hires
effective experts from the private sector, or coordinates with
other agencies. Another example is the Susitna-Watana Hydro
Project, in which AEA is working closely with the Department of
Natural Resources (DNR). Her agency is successful with the
resources it has, and through an annual budgetary process,
determines how to complete its work. Overall, AEA is successful
and is not looking to expand.
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON advised this is a big task; in fact, $1.6
billion was spent on energy projects last year. He asked
whether AEA has the resources it needs to get affordable energy
to Alaskans.
MS. FISHER-GOAD said what the governor has provided in the
Fiscal Year 2014 (FY 14) budget is OK; however, AEA's goal is to
develop a comprehensive report to the legislature in December
that will reflect additional work to be done by the Statewide
Energy Policy Development team in FY 15.
8:26:50 AM
MR. THERRIAULT said AEA is operating almost as a department of
energy, and has cooperation from other departments and agencies
due to support from the administration. When needed, expertise
and resources have been provided to supplement employees from
AEA and AIDEA.
MS. FISHER-GOAD displayed a map which showed AEA projects under
construction in summer 2012. She said the map illustrates that
state policy and funding from the legislature have been put into
projects for Alaskans to help reduce the cost of energy.
Illustrated were projects funded by the Renewable Energy Fund
Grant program, systems upgrades, upgrades to bulk fuel systems
and tank farms in rural Alaska, and energy efficiency projects.
Many projects were funded by American Recovery and Reinvestment
Act of 2009 (ARRA) federal funds. The projects were spread
across the state [slide 6].
REPRESENTATIVE NAGEAK asked whether AEA conducts site visits to
remote areas.
MS. FISHER-GOAD said yes. As the executive director, she
visited Sand Point, King Cove, and Bethel, and she stressed the
importance of visiting communities to see the work that is being
done. She directed attention to the state goal of 50 percent
renewable electricity by 2025, noting the work accomplished
through the Renewable Energy Fund and the Emerging Energy
Technology Fund which leveraged federal funds from the Denali
Commission to provide funding for 16 projects. There is a
capital request in the FY 14 capital budget for $2 million to
continue another round of applications to the Emerging Energy
Technology Fund [slide 7].
8:32:33 AM
REPRESENTATIVE NAGEAK asked how AEA evaluates projects for new
technology.
MS. FISHER-GOAD explained the process for the Emerging Energy
Technology Fund begins with a technical evaluation by its
advisory committee, which is comprised of engineers, in order to
reduce the number of applications. Afterward, AEA team members
conduct a more formal process to rank the projects, taking
possible sites into consideration, although site visits are not
needed at that stage.
MR. THERRIAULT added that the state goal encourages residents to
look at what energy source is available to them locally;
however, small utilities may not have the funds necessary to
explore and evaluate local sources. Through these funds, the
state shares the expense and the risk of evaluating renewable
sources such as wind. Also, with emerging technology,
determining whether a proposal has application in a rural
setting is very expensive and risky, so state funding is
necessary.
REPRESENTATIVE NAGEAK asked whether the evaluation process
includes a review of the capability of the existing power
system.
MR. THERRIAULT said yes. For example, during the grant process,
the existing distribution system is part of the evaluation of a
project.
8:37:24 AM
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON referred to the proposed propane project in
the Interior, and noted that recent investments have been made
in oil infrastructure. He asked how AEA will evaluate the cost
to communities to prepare for a propane distribution system, and
who will get "new" state funds.
8:38:22 AM
MS. FISHER-GOAD advised AEA is evaluating costs on this topic as
part of the Interior Energy Plan, rural energy programs, and
proposed energy infrastructure. Members of the AEA rural energy
team will develop a model on the costs and source of funding to
provide infrastructure. The SETS funding program will allow
AIDEA to manage loans so that entities can "cost-share"
projects, in addition to the loans the legislature can provide.
There is conditional language that limits state funding to 50
percent of the total project cost on projects that AEA manages.
As an aside, she said the Renewable Energy Fund advisory
committee is meeting on 4/4/13 in Juneau and invited the
committee to attend.
REPRESENTATIVE NAGEAK asked about the length of the vetting
process on new, emerging technology.
8:42:37 AM
MS. FISHER-GOAD answered that the process is an extensive, two-
phase process, followed by an appeal period after each decision.
First, there is a "statutory construct," followed by regulations
for the project, and a final opportunity for appeal.
REPRESENTATIVE NAGEAK clarified that his question is whether AEA
can test a system to ensure it will not break down in rural
areas; for example, wind or geothermal technology.
MS. FISHER-GOAD opined hydroelectric (hydro) structures
typically have a 50-year life and provide long-term, stable
power. Wind projects are expected to last 20 years to 30 years.
MR. THERRIAULT added that a grant application has to show that
the proposed project using new technology will have a useful
application in Alaska within five years. He pointed out that
the intent of House Bill 306 was that the power project fund
will serve as the main source of state assistance for energy
projects. Following that, the legislature established the SETS
loan program to underpin state investment in energy
infrastructure, and limited the state's participation to 50
percent. Mr. Therriault said AEA interprets these legislative
actions to mean that limited funds will still be available in
the event of declining state budgets.
8:47:53 AM
MS. FISHER-GOAD directed attention to the state's energy
efficiency goal of improving energy efficiency 15 percent by
2020. Her agency works in partnership with the Alaska Housing
Finance Corporation (AHFC) on residential homes, public
buildings, and commercial buildings. There is a focus by AEA on
commercial buildings, rural public buildings, industrial
facilities and the supply-side efficiency of power systems.
Coordination of state agencies is provided by AEA [slide 8].
REPRESENTATIVE HUGHES inquired as to how the 15 percent is
applied.
MS. FISHER-GOAD responded that the goal is to achieve a 15
percent reduction in usage.
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON asked how AEA will ensure the increase in
efficiency is spread across the state, so that the benefits will
reach all communities.
MS. FISHER-GOAD pointed out the previously displayed map of
construction projects shows the projects that are underway
throughout the state. The Village End Use Efficiency Measures
(VEUEM) program targets small rural communities, and industrial
facilities - such as fish processing - are assisted through the
Industrial Energy Audit of Seafood Processing Plants. She said
AEA and AHFC seek to ensure that assistance and funding are
accessible to all regions and entities in the state.
8:52:08 AM
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON surmised AEA participates in loans to achieve
energy goals; however, other programs such as the Rural Alaska
Community Action Program, Inc. (RurAL CAP), administer grants to
help efficiency and local employment. He asked how AEA works
with different organizations.
MS. FISHER-GOAD advised the Alaska Energy Efficiency Partnership
consists of many entities, including RurAL CAP,that are involved
in energy efficiency efforts. In addition, AEA has granted pass
through ARRA funds to entities such as the Renewable Energy
Alaska Project (REAP). She said many other organizations are
working diligently towards the energy efficiency goal. The
Alaska Energy Efficiency Partnership serves as a clearinghouse
and meets quarterly to discuss the variety of programs and
funding sources that are available. The coordination between
AEA and AHFC has been successful for many years. Turning to
rural energy infrastructure, she gave the example of St. George
as a community that applied for a Renewable Energy Fund Grant
for a wind system that was partially funded by the Denali
Commission. As the project was assessed, it was apparent the
powerhouse was in need of significant upgrades before
electricity generated by wind could be integrated into the
system. At this time, AEA is working with the community to
rebuild its powerhouse, although at the time the grant was
denied, community members were very unhappy because they were
ready to proceed with economic development plans for the
community [slide 9].
8:57:49 AM
MR. THERRIAULT recalled that at the time the renewable energy
fund was established, the cost of power was rising and
assistance was needed, but individual legislators were not
always able to determine the needs of a community in their
district. The renewable energy fund enables AEA to plan with a
community and develop the proper path to a solution.
MS. FISHER-GOAD informed the committee AEA supports regional
solutions and regional energy planning. Alaska is a very large
state with diverse resources and has no one answer for power
generation. A regional planning effort is necessary and AEA
seeks to help develop regional plans, provide technical
assistance, and assist in developing financing options for
projects. The Railbelt Integrated Resources Plan and the
Southeast Integrated Resources Plan have led to large projects
[slide 10]. She provided a map of energy regions and Alaska
Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) boundaries, and a list of
current regional plan contracts [slides 11 and 12]. An FY 14
capital request has been submitted to continue with regional
planning efforts.
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON asked if AEA or regional leaders initiate the
beginning of a regional plan; in fact, a regional plan supported
by AEA may call for the consolidation of utilities, but may meet
with resistance. He provided an example.
9:04:23 AM
MR. THERRIAULT said whether regional leaders approach AEA or
not, AEA's interest is for a discussion about energy to take
place at the regional level. He noted that some geographic
areas have a regional hub community, and smaller areas may not,
but to be successful the community must embrace the regional
plan. The agency looks for a local contractor to coordinate
between villages, and identify potential resources to develop
and share within geographic areas or sub-regions. He pointed
out that almost all of the state is involved in energy planning
at this time, albeit at different stages.
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON opined community resources must be combined to
be efficient.
MR. THERRIAULT advised that there is a small team within AEA
that is able to determine whether excess power can be
economically transported between villages.
9:09:17 AM
REPRESENTATIVE HUGHES expressed her concern that statewide
energy planning and policy is not AEA's main priority. She
agreed that regional planning and statewide goals for efficiency
and renewables are important, but stressed that there needs to
be an overall plan for the future beyond 2020, and for the
future demand for power in 50 years. Representative Hughes
opined the state will continue to stifle economic development
without affordable energy and energy infrastructure across the
state.
MS. FISHER-GOAD pointed out that the state's larger projects
will be discussed later in the presentation. She restated AEA's
mission is to reduce the cost of energy for Alaskans and energy
planning and policy is one of the four primary areas to achieve
its mission. Legislation does not necessarily develop in "a
nice linear fashion;" in fact, legislation creating the
renewable energy fund program preceded that for energy planning
and policy, and may have provided impetus for the formulation of
planning and policy. She acknowledged there has been
recognition that AEA's leadership role is to pull all the pieces
together. The Susitna-Watana Hydro Project is an example of
looking at the long-term diversification of the state's energy
portfolio.
9:15:39 AM
REPRESENTATIVE HUGHES urged for AEA - in its leadership role -
to ensure that its tasks are in the "right order," with an
energy plan at the top. With an energy plan, AEA's many
programs and large budget will be better understood by leaders
of industry.
MR. THERRIAULT pointed out that AEA's top goal of reducing the
cost of energy is established in statute, as are further
directives from the legislature. He acknowledged AEA has many
programs and part of his responsibility is to interact with all
of the program managers and ensure that programs are
successfully implemented and measured. Because of rising energy
costs, the legislature responded to its constituency with the
passage of the renewable energy fund, which led to long
discussions with residents to address the geographic diversity
of the regions and sub-regions of the state. At that point,
goals and plans were established for regions and sub-regions,
and it was recognized that one plan would not work. In
addition, the programs needed to be tailored for the different
regions and sub-regions throughout the state, and he said due to
the distribution of resources, one plan that is "workable in all
of the state," is probably near to impossible.
9:21:07 AM
REPRESENTATIVE HUGHES understood the regional differences of the
state. She asked whether leaders of industry were included in
the abovementioned discussions, and whether the discussions
should be revived for further development of an energy plan.
MR. THERRIAULT was unsure of all of the participants, however,
legislators and regional leaders were included.
MS. FISHER-GOAD said representatives of the utilities
participated, as did members of the Alaska Power Association,
the Alaska Village Electric Cooperative, and AEA. She recalled
that previously the House and Senate sought to consolidate and
combine energy-related bills in an effort to "coalesce this into
one packet of energy legislation." Through a unique process,
the House led the effort on policy development, and the Senate
addressed the development of related programs.
9:25:54 AM
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON urged new members of the committee to review
past energy-related legislation.
REPRESENTATIVE HUGHES was not convinced that a plan exists or
that industry was involved.
REPRESENTATIVE NAGEAK cautioned that there is much work ahead to
lower costs for the entire state, encourage economic
opportunities, provide access for rural areas to a regional
center, and provide road access for the rest of the state.
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON agreed that transportation corridors for roads
and pipelines are necessary to connect communities to each other
and to markets. He stressed that along with projects that will
impact 80 percent of the state, there also must be support for
micro projects that will help areas that are removed
geographically.
9:31:03 AM
MS. FISHER-GOAD turned attention to the Susitna-Watana Hydro
Project, noting that this project will benefit 80 percent of the
state's population, but does not compete with a natural gas
pipeline because the pipeline will provide North Slope natural
gas for heat, and the Susitna-Watana Hydro Project is an effort
to diversify the state's electrical generation portfolio,
provide a long-term source of clean energy, and promote the
integration of variable power sources [slide 13]. She
acknowledged HVDC technology may be utilized for a transmission
system for the Railbelt in order to "unconstrain" the
transmission system from Bradley Lake Hydroelectric, regardless
of whether Susitna-Watana Hydro is completed. Furthermore, AEA
has analyzed HVDC because of its potential use in remote
applications; however, there has not been much support from
local utilities. Regarding road corridors, she advised AIDEA is
looking at a road project in Ambler. She indicated that AEA
will respond to the committee's questions about the size of the
Susitna-Watana Hydro Project and the cost of expansion.
9:36:01 AM
REPRESENTATIVE HUGHES has heard some residents support the
construction of a natural gas pipeline instead of a dam. She
referred to published data that electricity from the dam will
not be cheaper than that from natural gas for 12 years.
MS. FISHER-GOAD said that AEA compared the cost of gas to hydro
once the hydro project is producing and the cost of production
is inflation-proof. This comparison is available in AEA's
annual report.
MR. THERRIAULT emphasized that hydro brings price stability to a
power distribution system and although gas may be cheaper
initially, hydro will be cheaper 20 years or 100 years from now.
The investment in a renewable source of hydro power is
multigenerational. However, the use of power from Susitna-
Watana Hydro for space heat is not expected to be economic, thus
natural gas will continue to play an important role.
9:40:08 AM
MS. FISHER-GOAD turned attention to the Interior Energy Plan,
which is a predecessor to a gas pipeline and provides an
opportunity to market North Slope natural gas and propane prior
to the construction of a gas pipeline. The financing package
brings customers and private entities together and with AIDEA
and private partners taking an equity ownership of a
liquefaction plant on the North Slope. She stressed that this
is a financing package, not a grant package, which will allow
the Interior region, with the assistance of the state, to
achieve savings in residential and commercial heating, and to
address air quality issues in the Fairbanks area [slide 14].
The project goals of the Interior Energy Plan are: provide the
lowest cost energy to the Interior as soon as possible; develop
a distribution system that will be served by the pipeline; and
utilize private sector mechanisms as much as possible [slide
15]. The proponents of the plan are working with AIDEA's
technical team and other potential partners. The financing
package is: $150 million AIDEA bonds; $50 million general fund
(GF) appropriation to AIDEA; and $125 million SETS
capitalization [slide 16]. She offered to provide further
information on the future plans to provide propane to regions of
the Interior which will not be served by the distribution
system. The Interior Energy Plan is very important because
about a 50 percent reduction in cost for home heating is
expected for residents [slide 17].
REPRESENTATIVE FOSTER asked for more information on the propane
distribution system to rural areas after LNG is trucked to
Fairbanks from the North Slope. He inquired as to whether
current planning includes the distribution of propane to rural
parts of the state.
9:45:24 AM
MS. FISHER-GOAD explained the economic analysis of the Interior
Energy Plan is driven by trucking LNG to Fairbanks for storage
and delivery in the Fairbanks area. However, AEA seeks to
capitalize on the propane byproduct of the LNG system.
Emerging energy technology suggests that LNG can be stored and
shipped in ISO (intermodal) containers, but "that's definitely
something much further down the line." The present focus is on
the distribution system that will be served by the trucking
scheme and that will eventually be served by a pipeline.
CO-CHAIR ISAACSON observed the present plan estimates a cost of
$1 billion just for the Fairbanks and North Pole distribution
area without any funds for transportation along the river system
or up the coast.
MR. THERRIAULT pointed out the ultimate build-out hoped for by
the Fairbanks North Star Borough is also in excess of the
present finance plan. In response to Representative Foster, he
stated that the economics of delivering propane or LNG on the
road system are very different than delivery on the river
system. Coastal communities are interested in barge deliveries
of propane; however, AEA must consider that the economics of
each sub-region are different.
9:50:41 AM
REPRESENTATIVE FOSTER cautioned that five years down the road,
additional funding for a rural distribution system may be
difficult after 80 persent to 90 percent of the population in
the Interior is taken care of, and there is no "urgency."
MS. FISHER-GOAD assured the committee AEA is committed to its
rural energy infrastructure program that will continue to
provide maximum access, and to ensure that natural gas and
propane can fit into rural plans for future projects. In
addition, regional energy plans and contractors are working to
incorporate the use of natural gas and propane in regions
outside of the Interior Energy Plan. Ms. Fisher-Goad closed,
saying that AEA has many energy policy issues on which to work
and will continue to report to the committee on developments
[slide 18].
9:53:50 AM
MR. THERRIAULT stated that one of two access issues before AEA
is access to timber as a fuel source. Residents in the Interior
are interested in long-term access to volumes of timber
resources on state land for a source of fuel. The agency wants
to ensure that regulations and statutes are in place - not only
to cut dimensional lumber - but also to allow for contracts to
utilize timber as a source for energy. Another access question
arises when a potential renewable source of energy is located on
state land, or if state land must be crossed to transmit power.
For instance, the Nuvista Light & Power Chikuminuk Lake
Hydroelectric and Alternative Energy Project needs access to
Wood-Tikckik State Park for research, and near Haines, the
Connelly Lake Hydroelectric Project requires access to the
Alaska Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve. Mr. Therriault advised that
the legislative intent at the time these geographic areas were
designated must be revisited to determine whether to grant
access to state land for the development of resources and for
the transmission of power. An additional issue in Southeast is
whether sources of power near Ketchikan can be developed by the
private sector and transmitted on the power grid. This question
is also raised in the Railbelt, where there are potential
sources of renewable power that could be developed by the
private sector and integrated into the Railbelt transmission
grid. The final issue is the duplication of utilities in the
Railbelt.
10:00:17 AM
ADJOURNMENT
There being no further business before the committee, the House
Special Committee on Energy meeting was adjourned at 10:00 a.m.
| Document Name | Date/Time | Subjects |
|---|---|---|
| Agenda (H) ENE 04032013.docx |
HENE 4/3/2013 8:00:00 AM |
(H) ENE Agenda April 3, 2013 |
| AEA Overview House Energy April 3.pdf |
HENE 4/3/2013 8:00:00 AM |
State Energy Plan Overview PowerPoint AEA April 3, 2013 |