Legislature(2005 - 2006)CAPITOL 106

02/22/2005 08:00 AM House STATE AFFAIRS


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* first hearing in first committee of referral
+ teleconferenced
= bill was previously heard/scheduled
+ SB 14 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS TELECONFERENCED
Moved HCSSB 14(STA) Out of Committee
*+ HB 62 AUTOMATED POLITICAL TELEPHONE CALLS TELECONFERENCED
Heard & Held
*+ HB 100 STATE VIROLOGY LABORATORY TELECONFERENCED
Moved CSHB 100(STA) Out of Committee
*+ HB 48 EXPENDITURE FOR CAPITOL CONSTRUCTION TELECONFERENCED
Heard & Held
Bills Previously Heard/Scheduled
HB 100-STATE VIROLOGY LABORATORY                                                                                              
                                                                                                                              
CHAIR SEATON announced that the  next order of business was HOUSE                                                               
BILL NO. 100, "An Act  relating to a lease-purchase agreement for                                                               
the construction,  equipping, and  financing of a  state virology                                                               
laboratory in  Fairbanks, on land  provided by the  University of                                                               
Alaska, Fairbanks,  to be  operated by  the Department  of Health                                                               
and Social Services; relating to  the issuance of certificates of                                                               
participation for the laboratory; relating  to the use of certain                                                               
investment income  for certain  construction and  equipment costs                                                               
for the laboratory; and providing for an effective date."                                                                       
                                                                                                                                
8:38:32 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
RICHARD  MANDSAGER, M.D.,  Director, Division  of Public  Health,                                                               
Alaska Department of Health &  Social Services, presented HB 100.                                                               
He  clarified that  the word  "virology" refers  to the  study of                                                               
viruses.  He directed attention  to "slides" printed in a handout                                                               
available in the  committee packet.  He offered  details from the                                                               
first  slide  on page  2,  regarding  the Alaska  State  Virology                                                               
Laboratory, where the  state has its laboratory  capacity to make                                                               
viral diagnoses.   The  most common  virus that  [the laboratory]                                                               
deals  with  on a  yearly  basis,  he  said,  is influenza.    He                                                               
commented that  the laboratory in  Fairbanks is what  the Centers                                                               
for  Disease  Control  and  Prevention  (CDC)  calls  a  sentinel                                                               
laboratory; there are 23 of these  labs around the world in which                                                               
types of influenza are identified.                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER stated:                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                
     Our  laboratory  in  Fairbanks,   because  of  the  air                                                                    
     traffic   from   Southeast   Asia,  is   an   important                                                                    
     laboratory to  the United  States....   [The influenza]                                                                    
     virus mutates every year as  it moves around the world,                                                                    
     and the  flu vaccine that  we get every fall  and every                                                                    
     winter is based on the  type of influenza virus that is                                                                    
     in Southeast  Asia and  in the  southern hemisphere....                                                                    
     In  the last  week or  so CDC  has been  finalizing the                                                                    
     components to next fall's  vaccine....  Another example                                                                    
     of an  important virus to  us is rabies.   For example,                                                                    
     right  now   [Fort]  Wainwright  is  under   an  animal                                                                    
     quarantine because of rabies in  fox up there, and that                                                                    
     pretty much is an annual  occurrence in our state, that                                                                    
     some part  of the  state will  have rabies  in animals.                                                                    
     Thankfully, because  of immunization of dogs  and cats,                                                                    
     because  of  surveillance,  and   ...  because  of  our                                                                    
     diagnostic capabilities  in the  state, rapidly  we can                                                                    
     adjust and  isolate animals in  different parts  of the                                                                    
     state,  and [we]  have not  had  a human  case now  for                                                                    
     many, many decades.                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                
     When SARS  [Severe Acute Respiratory  Syndrome] arrived                                                                    
     in the United States in the  spring of 2003, ... one of                                                                    
     the first  tasks for the World  Health Organization and                                                                    
     the CDC  was to  develop [an] identification  test, and                                                                    
     the  laboratory here  in Alaska  was one  of the  first                                                                    
     where that  technology and competency was  put in place                                                                    
     because  of the  aircraft back  and forth  to Southeast                                                                    
     Asia.                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                
8:42:28 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER continued:                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                
     [This  is] important  as  background,  and what's  also                                                                    
     important  to know  [is] that  the kind  of viruses  we                                                                    
     deal with  in the  Fairbanks lab  should be  handled in                                                                    
     what's called  a Biosafety  Level 3  [BSL3] Laboratory.                                                                    
     We don't  have that in  Fairbanks; they have a  Level 2                                                                    
     lab,  and  use  what  the laboratorians  call  Level  3                                                                    
     Practices.   So  far, they've  done really  well.   But                                                                    
     [the  slide on  page  3  shows] how  crowded  it is  up                                                                    
     there....  Last  summer we had a review  by people from                                                                    
     the Association  of Public  Health Laboratories  in the                                                                    
     United  States looking  at our  laboratory capacity  in                                                                    
     our state....  Their comment  was [that the crowded lab                                                                    
     is] an accident waiting to happen.                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                
     ...   The space  we have  is in  one of  the university                                                                    
     buildings.   We've  been on  the  Fairbanks campus  now                                                                    
     since '67,  and you  can see all  of the  problems with                                                                    
     the building  and capacity space  that exists  up there                                                                    
     at present [on page 3]....   One of the recommendations                                                                    
     of  this   laboratory  review  is  that   our  virology                                                                    
     functions should be  managed in a ...  BSL3 ... because                                                                    
     of the  potential problems with  the viruses  that they                                                                    
     look at.                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER turned attention to  [the slide on page 4], showing                                                               
the building in  which the lab currently resides.   He reiterated                                                               
that the lab  is important for the rapid  identification of known                                                               
and new viruses.   He said that the review  team recommended that                                                               
because of the  state's earthquake potential, it  is important to                                                               
have  redundant  capacities  in  Alaska by  having  labs  in  two                                                               
cities.   He pointed out that  the staff at the  lab in Fairbanks                                                               
are superb virologists.   He told of an incident  in McGrath last                                                               
year  in which  a number  of people  became sick.   He  said that                                                               
because the lab had neurovirus  diagnostic capacity in Fairbanks,                                                               
the diagnosis was made quickly  and many people were warned early                                                               
so that the outbreak was stopped.   Three years ago such a sample                                                               
would  have been  sent to  Atlanta and  the diagnosis  would have                                                               
taken two to three weeks.                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER told  another anecdote: In the  late 1990's doctors                                                               
in Juneau thought  that a girl might have had  measles.  A sample                                                               
was sent  to Fairbanks and  the diagnosis was completed  within a                                                               
day.   He commented, "Days can  make a big difference  with viral                                                               
disease in stopping outbreaks."                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                
8:45:59 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER  turned to the slide  on page 5, which  showed that                                                               
the estimated  cost for the  design, construction,  and equipping                                                               
of  a state  public health  virology  lab in  Fairbanks is  $24.2                                                               
million.  He said that  building laboratories is expensive due to                                                               
air-handling  redundancies,  special spaces,  special  equipment,                                                               
and  so  on.   The  governor's  proposal is  that  a  new lab  be                                                               
financed with Certificates of Participation,  he explained.  Page                                                               
6 is  a map showing  where the proposed  lab would be  located on                                                               
the University of  Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) campus.   He noted that                                                               
UAF is building  a human biology mission and  a genetics mission,                                                               
and having a BSL  3 lab on the campus would  be very important to                                                               
the biologists.                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                
8:47:23 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
DR.  MANDSAGER   addressed  two   amendments,  included   in  the                                                               
committee  packet.    The  first   one  would  clarify  that  the                                                               
Department of Health  and Social Services would  own the building                                                               
but the  land would be  leased from  the university.   The second                                                               
amendment would  make a  change to  page 2,  line 18,  adding the                                                               
words "cost of" before the word "acquisition".                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                
8:49:00 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE LYNN  asked Dr. Mandsager  how big a  danger avian                                                               
flu  is  and whether  the  proposed  new  lab  would be  able  to                                                               
diagnose it.                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER responded  that avian flu is  currently the biggest                                                               
topic  of discussion  in public  health.   He  remarked that  the                                                               
people from CDC  have said that it  is not a question  of if, but                                                               
when [there is  an avian flu outbreak].  He  explained that avian                                                               
flu is  very lethal, with  a 70  percent death rate  in Southeast                                                               
Asia, and  it attacks  young, healthy people  as well  as elders.                                                               
He pointed  out that at  first it appeared  to be a  disease that                                                               
was transmissible  only from birds  to humans, however  there now                                                               
appear to be  cases where the disease was  transmitted from human                                                               
to human.  He  said that this disease is one  of the reasons that                                                               
the proposed  lab is  important; the  lab staff  will be  able to                                                               
diagnose  avian flu.   He  pointed  out that  birds migrate  from                                                               
Southeast Asia to  Alaska for the winter and there  is also a lot                                                               
of  airplane  traffic between  the  two  regions.   Therefore  he                                                               
concluded  that Alaska  will be  one of  the first  places to  be                                                               
impacted, so it will be very  important for the state to have the                                                               
ability to quarantine and isolate quickly.                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                
8:51:15 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE  LYNN asked  how long  it  would take  to have  an                                                               
operational lab.                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER replied that the  proposed lab would be operational                                                               
in fiscal year (FY) 2009.                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                
8:51:42 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER,  in response to Representative  Gardner, clarified                                                               
that the bill had passed out  of the Senate Health, Education and                                                               
Social  Services Standing  Committee, but  not the  House Health,                                                               
Education and Social Services Standing Committee.                                                                               
                                                                                                                                
8:52:08 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR SEATON asked  Dr. Mandsager to explain  the Certificates of                                                               
Participation.                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER deferred  to the Debt Manager at  the Department of                                                               
Revenue.                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                
8:52:34 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER, in response to  Representative Ramras, stated that                                                               
the proposed new  lab would have a gross area  of about 24-25,000                                                               
square  feet and  a net  area of  about 11,500  square feet.   He                                                               
explained that  due to the  air handling systems, the  gross area                                                               
is much bigger than the net area.                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE RAMRAS  commented that $100 per  gross square foot                                                               
and $200-250 per net square foot is a good price.                                                                               
                                                                                                                                
8:54:04 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE GRUENBERG mentioned that  when the governor signed                                                               
the version of Senate Bill 65  that passed last year, he included                                                               
a   letter  that   stated  his   intention   in  bonding   future                                                               
indebtedness.   Representative Gruenberg read from  the letter as                                                               
follows:                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                
     I have  made a commitment  to the rating  agencies that                                                                    
     the  state   will  not  incur  additional   debt  until                                                                    
     recurring revenues match expenditures.                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR SEATON  asked Representative Gruenberg to  hold his comment                                                               
for the Department of Revenue.                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                
8:55:09 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER, in response to  Representative Ramras, stated that                                                               
there are 15-16  staff at the current laboratory  and there would                                                               
be 18-20 staff at the proposed lab.                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                
8:55:44 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR SEATON  asked, "Will this fulfill  all anticipated Homeland                                                               
Security-type issues that  might be assigned to  ... our facility                                                               
here in the state?"                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER replied:                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                
     Between the  public health laboratory in  Anchorage and                                                                    
     this facility  in Fairbanks, we then  have capacity for                                                                    
     diagnosis of biology and  chemical agents in Anchorage,                                                                    
     viral  agents   in  Fairbanks,  and  between   the  two                                                                    
     facilities,  our  state  meets  the  Homeland  Security                                                                    
     intents and  requests of all  the states, at  least for                                                                    
     present  agents.   And I  would assume  there would  be                                                                    
     enough  potential  for  future agents  as  they  become                                                                    
     identified.                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR SEATON  commented that the  state just  authorized building                                                               
another lab for testing biological  samples, and he asked if that                                                               
lab is similar to the proposed lab.                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                
DR.  MANDSAGER responded  that  the  Department of  Environmental                                                               
Conservation  (DEC)  facility will  be  testing  food and  animal                                                               
samples and it is a complementary lab.  He said:                                                                                
                                                                                                                                
     The  partnership  between   that  laboratory  ...,  the                                                                    
     biology and  chemical laboratory in Anchorage,  and the                                                                    
     virology facility  in Fairbanks  works very well.   For                                                                    
     example, when a  dead crow shows up in  our state right                                                                    
     now,  because of  concerns about  West Nile  virus, the                                                                    
     state  veterinarian decides  [if it  should be]  tested                                                                    
     for  West Nile  virus, and  then  it's sent  up to  the                                                                    
     virology  laboratory  in  Fairbanks.    The  new  [DEC]                                                                    
     laboratory  that is  under construction  will not  have                                                                    
     virology  capacity.   However,  the state  veterinarian                                                                    
     will  be able  to  do  a necropsy  and  look for  other                                                                    
     causes besides  that kind  of a viral  cause.   And the                                                                    
     same thing happens  with food agents too,  so there's a                                                                    
     partnership  between these  three  facilities that  one                                                                    
     should  think  of ...  as  part  of our  continuum  for                                                                    
     protection of public health.                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                
8:58:08 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE  RAMRAS  asked if  the  proposed  lab would  be  a                                                               
magnet for  the university  for research funds  and if  there are                                                               
expenses  that  will  be  picked up  by  the  federal  government                                                               
through grants.  He stated  that he'd like more information about                                                               
the costs of ongoing operations.                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                
DR.  MANDSAGER  answered that  the  university  expects that  the                                                               
proposed  lab will  be  a  big part  of  their research  capacity                                                               
building, and that as they  attract more federal funds and grants                                                               
the lab will be an important component.  He said:                                                                               
                                                                                                                                
     What amount of this laboratory  space would be used for                                                                    
     a given  grant and how much  cost will be shifted  to a                                                                    
     grant will  depend grant-to-grant  and year-to-year....                                                                    
     My expectation  is that, as  the university  builds its                                                                    
     mission,  with  the  capacity growth  on  the  facility                                                                    
     side, then  yes, we  will see  some off-shifting.   How                                                                    
     much, I  think, is impossible  to say.   The biologists                                                                    
     view  it as  a critically  important  part of  building                                                                    
     that capacity.                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                
8:59:58 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
DEVEN   MITCHELL,  Debt   Manager,   Treasury  Division,   Alaska                                                               
Department   of  Revenue,   explained  that   a  Certificate   of                                                               
Participation  [COP] is  a means  of  financing discrete  capital                                                               
projects of the  State of Alaska.  Facilities that  the state has                                                               
funded portions of or all  of recently are the Alaska Psychiatric                                                               
Institute (API) and  the Seafood and Food Safety  Laboratory.  He                                                               
continued as follows:                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                
     How  [the Certificates  of Participation]  work is  the                                                                    
     state provides a  title interest to a  trustee bank and                                                                    
     then leases  the facility back from  that trustee bank,                                                                    
     and that  lease payment stream is  securitized, meaning                                                                    
     that that  becomes the amount  of money that's  paid to                                                                    
     folks  that purchase  these  certificates; they  become                                                                    
     participants in  that lease.   Those are  structured so                                                                    
     that we obtain a rating  based on the State of Alaska's                                                                    
     credit,  a   subject-to-appropriation  credit   of  the                                                                    
     state.  It's  a AA/AA- type of a credit  out there.  We                                                                    
     typically  insure that  to AAA  and  obtain ...  market                                                                    
     rates for a publicly offered debt at those ratings.                                                                        
                                                                                                                                
9:01:46 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR SEATON asked  if the Certificates of  Participation are the                                                               
same thing as a bond.                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                
MR. MITCHELL answered affirmatively.                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR SEATON asked for an  explanation of the differences between                                                               
a COP and a General Obligation Bond.                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                
9:02:23 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
MR. MITCHELL explained:                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                
     With  a General  Obligation Bond,  ... the  state would                                                                    
     have pledged  its full  faith and  credit to  the folks                                                                    
     that would  be buying  them - the  investors.   In this                                                                    
     case,  the   investors  have   a  lesser   security  of                                                                    
     repayment.   They are accepting risk  that what they're                                                                    
     participating  in is  subject to  annual appropriation,                                                                    
     and  that  there could  be  a  failure to  appropriate.                                                                    
     They're   banking   on    the   legislature   and   the                                                                    
     administration's   recognition   that  a   failure   to                                                                    
     appropriate  would backlash  on the  State of  Alaska's                                                                    
     credit rating and  cost the state in other  ways - both                                                                    
     from a reputation perspective as  well as financially -                                                                    
     when  there were  other obligations  of the  state that                                                                    
     were floated in the market.                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                
9:04:28 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR  SEATON asked  how much  more it  would cost  the state  to                                                               
build  a new  virology  lab using  Certificates of  Participation                                                               
instead of a General Obligation Bond.                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                
MR. MITCHELL said  that multiplying the full  principal amount by                                                               
a tenth  of a  percent would equal  the impact in  year one.   He                                                               
explained:                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                
     In the first year the  impact would be $24,000 and then                                                                    
     it would be a declining  impact from that date forward.                                                                    
     So  your total  impact  on a  present value-base,  just                                                                    
     because  those future  payments  would  be worth  less,                                                                    
     might be  in the $200,000 range,  because we're talking                                                                    
     about a 15-year amortization.   It would be $200,000 or                                                                    
     less, I would guess.                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                
9:05:45 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR  SEATON  asked if  the  Certificates  of Participation  are                                                               
quicker, and  if that is  why they  are being discussed  for this                                                               
project.                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                
MR.  MITCHELL  responded that  this  is  a discrete,  stand-alone                                                               
project   that  lends   itself  well   to  the   Certificates  of                                                               
Participation structure.  It's also  a time-sensitive project, he                                                               
noted, and for a General Obligation  Bond the state would have to                                                               
wait until the  next general election to put this  project on the                                                               
ballot.                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                
9:07:04 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE  RAMRAS emphasized  that he  feels strongly  about                                                               
the state  maintaining a fiscal  conservative approach.   He said                                                               
that he supports  all the benefits of the proposed  lab.  However                                                               
he expressed  concern that  the Department  of Health  and Social                                                               
Services would be the lessee and the state would be the lessor.                                                                 
                                                                                                                                
MR. MITCHELL replied  that the lessee would be  the Department of                                                               
Administration, and the department would  enter into a lease with                                                               
the trustee bank.                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                
9:08:35 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE  RAMRAS   asked  if  the  state   is  moving  from                                                               
something that  has no mortgage  and now  contemplating something                                                               
that  has  a $2.4  million  obligation  by  the State  of  Alaska                                                               
through  the   Department  of   Administration  or   through  the                                                               
Department of Health and Social  Services payable to the State of                                                               
Alaska  or to  the bondholders.   He  continued, "Is  this a  ...                                                               
brand  new obligation,  this $2.4  million in  rental obligations                                                               
along with the increased ... annual operating costs?"                                                                           
                                                                                                                                
MR. MITCHELL answered affirmatively.                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                
9:09:20 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR SEATON  asked if  the state pays  for the  current virology                                                               
lab.                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                
DR. MANDSAGER answered that the  lab pays a maintenance agreement                                                               
to the university but pays no lease fees.                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                
9:10:06 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE RAMRAS said:                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                
     In  the  fiscal  notes  it says  it's  $150,000.    The                                                                    
     operating increases  for this project would  be another                                                                    
     $200,000,  and  then  the  lease  obligation  would  be                                                                    
     $2,375,000 per year for 15  years, at attractive terms:                                                                    
     4.9 percent, [with a]  15-year amortization....  That's                                                                    
     as good as it gets  in this world, but nevertheless, it                                                                    
     is  a new  obligation  for the  state,  and the  merits                                                                    
     speak for themselves, but so  does the cost side of the                                                                    
     ledger.                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR SEATON closed public testimony.                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE   GARDNER  moved   Amendment  1,   labeled  24G-1,                                                               
2/4/2005, (11:02 AM), which read as follows:                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
     Page 1, lines 2-3:                                                                                                         
         Delete "on land provided by the University of                                                                        
     Alaska, Fairbanks,"                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                
     Page 1, line 11:                                                                                                           
          Delete "provided"                                                                                                     
          Insert "leased from"                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                
     Page 1, line 12:                                                                                                           
          Delete "by"                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR SEATON announced that, there  being no objection, Amendment                                                               
1 was adopted.                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                
9:11:52 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE GARDNER  moved Amendment 2, [which  is encompassed                                                               
in  a   letter  from  Theresa  Bannister,   Legislative  Counsel,                                                               
Legislative Legal  and Research Services, in  which Ms. Bannister                                                               
recommends the following, original punctuation provided]:                                                                       
                                                                                                                                
     So I  suggest that  the phrase, "cost  of construction,                                                                    
     acquisition,  and other  costs," be  replaced with  the                                                                    
     phrase,  "cost of  construction,  cost of  acquisition,                                                                    
     and other costs."                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                
CHAIR SEATON announced that, there  being no objection, Amendment                                                               
2 was adopted.                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                
9:12:24 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE RAMRAS  reiterated that he was  concerned that the                                                               
state would be  obligating itself to additional  new debt service                                                               
without sufficient means of meeting ongoing operating expenses.                                                                 
                                                                                                                                
9:13:33 AM                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
REPRESENTATIVE GARDNER  moved to report  HB 100, as  amended, out                                                               
of   committee   with    individual   recommendations   and   the                                                               
accompanying  fiscal  notes.   There  being  no  objection,  CSHB
100(STA)  moved   out  of  the   House  State   Affairs  Standing                                                               
Committee.                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                

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