04/04/2005 01:30 PM Senate COMMUNITY & REGIONAL AFFAIRS
| Audio | Topic |
|---|---|
| Start | |
| HB108 | |
| SB114 | |
| SB86 | |
| Adjourn |
+ teleconferenced
= bill was previously heard/scheduled
| += | HB 108 | TELECONFERENCED | |
| += | SB 114 | TELECONFERENCED | |
| += | SB 86 | TELECONFERENCED | |
ALASKA STATE LEGISLATURE
SENATE COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL AFFAIRS STANDING COMMITTEE
April 4, 2005
1:33 p.m.
MEMBERS PRESENT
Senator Gary Stevens, Chair
Senator Bert Stedman
Senator Thomas Wagoner
Senator Johnny Ellis
Senator Albert Kookesh
MEMBERS ABSENT
All members present
COMMITTEE CALENDAR
CS FOR HOUSE BILL NO. 108(FIN) am
"An Act relating to the regulation of water and sewer utilities
of political subdivisions that are not in competition with other
water and sewer utilities; and providing for an effective date."
MOVED SCS CSHB 108(CRA) OUT OF COMMITTEE
SENATE BILL NO. 114
"An Act relating to consolidating or abolishing certain service
areas in second class boroughs."
HEARD AND HELD
SENATE BILL NO. 86
"An Act relating to the liability of the state and
municipalities for attorney fees in certain civil actions and
appeals; and providing for an effective date."
MOVED CSSB 86(CRA) OUT OF COMMITTEE
PREVIOUS COMMITTEE ACTION
BILL: HB 108
SHORT TITLE: WATER & SEWER UTILITIES OF POLIT. SUBDIV.
SPONSOR(s): LABOR & COMMERCE
01/26/05 (H) READ THE FIRST TIME - REFERRALS
01/26/05 (H) CRA, L&C
02/10/05 (H) CRA AT 8:00 AM CAPITOL 124
02/10/05 (H) Moved Out of Committee
02/10/05 (H) MINUTE(CRA)
02/11/05 (H) CRA RPT 2DP 3NR 1AM
02/11/05 (H) DP: CISSNA, THOMAS;
02/11/05 (H) NR: LEDOUX, SALMON, NEUMAN;
02/11/05 (H) AM: KOTT
02/14/05 (H) FIN REFERRAL ADDED AFTER L&C
02/16/05 (H) L&C AT 3:15 PM CAPITOL 17
02/16/05 (H) Moved Out of Committee
02/16/05 (H) MINUTE(L&C)
02/18/05 (H) L&C RPT 1DP 3NR 3AM
02/18/05 (H) DP: ANDERSON;
02/18/05 (H) NR: CRAWFORD, LYNN, LEDOUX;
02/18/05 (H) AM: KOTT, GUTTENBERG, ROKEBERG
03/16/05 (H) FIN AT 1:30 PM HOUSE FINANCE 519
03/16/05 (H) Heard & Held
03/16/05 (H) MINUTE(FIN)
03/17/05 (H) FIN AT 1:30 PM HOUSE FINANCE 519
03/17/05 (H) Moved CSHB 108(FIN) Out of Committee
03/17/05 (H) MINUTE(FIN)
03/18/05 (H) FIN RPT CS(FIN) NT 3DP 6NR
03/18/05 (H) DP: HAWKER, WEYHRAUCH, FOSTER;
03/18/05 (H) NR: HOLM, STOLTZE, MOSES, KELLY, MEYER,
CHENAULT
03/22/05 (H) TRANSMITTED TO (S)
03/22/05 (H) VERSION: CSHB 108(FIN) AM
03/23/05 (S) READ THE FIRST TIME - REFERRALS
03/23/05 (S) CRA, L&C, FIN
03/30/05 (S) CRA AT 1:30 PM BELTZ 211
03/30/05 (S) -- Meeting Canceled --
04/04/05 (S) CRA AT 1:30 PM BELTZ 211
BILL: SB 114
SHORT TITLE: SERVICE AREAS IN SECOND CLASS BOROUGHS
SPONSOR(s): COMMUNITY & REGIONAL AFFAIRS
02/23/05 (S) READ THE FIRST TIME - REFERRALS
02/23/05 (S) CRA
03/09/05 (S) CRA AT 1:30 PM BELTZ 211
03/09/05 (S) Heard & Held
03/09/05 (S) MINUTE(CRA)
04/04/05 (S) CRA AT 1:30 PM BELTZ 211
BILL: SB 86
SHORT TITLE: STATE/MUNI LIABILITY FOR ATTORNEY FEES
SPONSOR(s): RULES BY REQUEST OF THE GOVERNOR
01/31/05 (S) READ THE FIRST TIME - REFERRALS
01/31/05 (S) CRA, JUD
02/09/05 (S) CRA AT 1:30 PM BELTZ 211
02/09/05 (S) Heard & Held
02/09/05 (S) MINUTE(CRA)
04/04/05 (S) CRA AT 1:30 PM BELTZ 211
WITNESS REGISTER
Josh Appleby
Staff to Representative Tom Anderson
Alaska Capitol Building
Juneau, AK 99801
POSITION STATEMENT: Introduced CSHB 108 for the sponsor
Mark Prima, General Manager
Anchorage Water and Wastewater Utility (AWWU)
Municipality of Anchorage
4501 South Bragaw
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
POSITION STATEMENT: Supported CSHB 108
Virginia Rush, Attorney
AARP in Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK
POSITION STATEMENT: Opposed CSHB 108
Kate Giard
Regulatory Commission of Alaska
701 W Eighth Ave Ste 300
Anchorage, AK 99501
POSITION STATEMENT: Opposed CSHB 108
Kathie Wasserman
Policy and Program Coordinator
Alaska Municipal League
216 Seward Street
Juneau, AK 99801
POSITION STATEMENT: Spoke in support of CSHB 108
Melanie Lesh
Staff to Senator Gary Stevens
Alaska Capitol Building
Juneau, AK 99801
POSITION STATEMENT: Introduced SB 114 and explained change to
SB 86
Athena Logan
Local Government Specialist
Department of Commerce, Community & Economic Development
PO Box 110800
Juneau, AK 99811-0800
POSITION STATEMENT:
Rene Broker, Attorney
Fairbanks North Star Borough
PO Box 71267
Fairbanks, Alaska 99707
POSITION STATEMENT: Testified on SB 114
ACTION NARRATIVE
CHAIR GARY STEVENS called the Senate Community and Regional
Affairs Standing Committee meeting to order at 1:33:27 PM.
Present were Senators Stedman, Wagoner, Ellis and Chair Gary
Stevens. Senator Kookesh arrived momentarily.
CSHB 108(FIN)am-WATER & SEWER UTILITIES OF POLIT. SUBDIV.
CHAIR GARY STEVENS announced CSHB 108(FIN)am to be up for
consideration.
1:33:56 PM
JOSH APPLEBY, Staff to Representative Tom Anderson, introduced
the bill as an issue of local control. Adding lines 6-9 on page
2 changes existing law and exempts the Anchorage Water and
Wastewater Utility (AWWU) from regulation by the Regulatory
Commission of Alaska (RCA). The language states that a water or
sewer utility owned by a political subdivision, but not
competing directly with another water or sewer utility is exempt
from RCA regulation.
He said there isn't any evidence that consumers in Anchorage are
any better off with state oversight than with local oversight.
The sponsor has been working with AWWU, the mayor's office, the
assembly, and Anchorage legislators to develop a plan for an
oversight authority for the utility to maintain the level of
consumer protection while encouraging and fostering better local
governance of the locally controlled and owned water utilities.
He noted that Mr. Prima was available for technical questions
and to answer specific questions on the proposed Senate
committee substitute (CS).
The House Finance Committee added Section 2, which would
continue any pending measures before the RCA so they would not
be affected with this legislation. Section 3 was also added
allowing this language to take effect only if the governing body
established a separate body to continue the fair and open
process of setting rates based on standard industry practices.
Section 4 establishes the effective date.
The bill was amended on the House floor to include language on
page 2, lines 29-30 requiring that the new separate body include
a role for consumer advocates to represent taxpayers.
1:37:08 PM
MARK PRIMA, General Manager, Anchorage Water and Wastewater
Utility (AWWU), spoke in support of HB 108. The bill would
exempt AWWU from RCA economic regulation, but not service area
regulation. This would give AWWU the same status as every other
municipally owned water and wastewater utility in Alaska except
Pelican. Anchorage would like this exemption because the current
RCA regulation process and procedures are slow and expensive and
because the regulations and procedures are non-responsive to
local needs.
From 1993-2003 AWWU filed only minor procedural matters with the
RCA and never requested a rate increase, but during this period
AWWU ratepayers have paid about $2.8 million in regulatory
assessments to the RCA as part of every monthly bill. In 2005
AWWU estimates the assessment will be about $500,000.
He maintained that the RCA process wasn't designed for municipal
utilities and that it wouldn't ever be as responsive and
accountable to ratepayers as the municipality, which has
provided its customers with excellent service, stable rates and
sound finances for many years. Ratepayers have benefited as AWWU
has reduced expenses by leveraging technology and improving
business processes while increasing spending on system repairs.
The Municipality of Anchorage administration supports a strong
oversight authority to regulate AWWU in lieu of the RCA. The
Water and Wastewater Advisory Commission and Mayor Begich have
reached consensus on a draft authority structure with strong
consumer protection provisions and will present that to the
assembly this week. Ultimately the administration's goal is to
have an ordinance establishing AWWU authority approved by the
municipal assembly.
MR. PRIMA noted the letter of intent from Mayor Begich
establishing his commitment to establishing an AWWU authority
with strong consumer protection provided by a board of experts.
The board would be responsible for operation and management of
AWWU under the oversight of the municipal assembly. The board
and assembly would both hold public hearings on rate increases.
1:42:33 PM
CHAIR GARY STEVENS asked for a motion to adopt the Senate CS.
1:42:48 PM
SENATOR THOMAS WAGONER motioned to adopt SCS CSHB 108 \I
version.
SENATOR ELLIS objected for discussion and explanation purposes.
MR. PRIMA said page 2, end of line 19 through line 22 were added
to address concerns regarding pending rate cases. The language
ensures there is a process of rate review by a public body and
establishes the test year for looking back at operational
expenses as not earlier than 2004.
1:44:48 PM
SENATOR JOHNNY ELLIS asked for the specific meaning of rate
review in the context of the bill and what powers would be
granted.
MR. PRIMA replied it's the mechanism by which rates would be
established.
SENATOR BERT STEDMAN asked why the Municipality of Anchorage was
placed under RCA review.
MR. PRIMA explained that at the time of unification there were
multiple publicly owned and highly competitive utilities within
the municipality. To avoid cross subsidy, which is using
ratemaking powers of one utility to siphon funds to subsidize
rates and put competing utilities at a disadvantage, state law
required regulation of all utilities contained by the political
subdivision.
With regard to whether the same conditions exist today, he said
the issue of utility self-regulation has been before the RCA
previously and they took no action. However, the issue wasn't
with respect to the water and sewer utility and they didn't
reference monopolistic concerns at that time.
1:47:55 PM
SENATOR STEDMAN asked if there was a consolidation of utilities
with unification.
MR. PRIMA said there was and the cross subsidy issue was with
regard to the municipal light and power utility and the
Anchorage telephone utility. The Municipality of Anchorage no
longer owns the Anchorage telephone utility; it was privatized
in the early 1990s.
CHAIR GARY STEVENS asked if there wouldn't be a cost attached to
the AWWU rate studies.
MR. PRIMA replied the estimated $500,000 is a regulatory cost
surcharge, which is paid by every RCA regulated utility in
Alaska for RCA operations. Ratepayers wouldn't pay that
surcharge under municipal authority because there would be no
RCA to support. However, the real cost savings would occur
because a self regulated municipal authority wouldn't operate in
the quasi-judicial style of the RCA.
CHAIR GARY STEVENS summarized the RCA charges $500,000 as a
member fee and rate hearings bring additional charges.
MR. PRIMA clarified it's the costs that the utility incurs in
preparing for a rate filing. This includes expert witnesses,
testimony, and studies. The calculations and justifications
would be the same as per industry standards, but there wouldn't
be the cost associated with a formal judicial process.
CHAIR GARY STEVENS asked if the rate changes would have to be
approved by the Anchorage Borough Assembly.
MR. PRIMA said yes. The proposal is to create a separate
independent authority and a two-step procedure for rate setting.
The seven-member authority would hold a public process before
making recommendations to the Anchorage Assembly. The assembly,
through ordinance and public process, would approve modify or
deny the suggestion.
SENATOR STEDMAN noted RCA is looking at a $345,000 change in
revenue and questioned the difference between that and $500,000.
MR. PRIMA replied one fiscal note reflects the $345,000 RCA
oversight cost reduction and the $500,000 is the municipal
percentage calculation based on RCA costs to date against gross
billings.
CHAIR GARY STEVENS noted Ms. Lesh was passing out an
indeterminate fiscal note from the Department of Law.
SENATOR STEDMAN asked if there might be less upward pressure on
rate increases and perhaps even a rate decrease.
MR. PRIMA replied there is no question that there would be less
pressure on rates, but he couldn't say rates would decrease.
However, the $500,000 surcharge wouldn't be there and the
expense of filing and dealing with the RCA formal process
wouldn't be there either.
SENATOR THOMAS WAGONER remarked the indeterminate fiscal note
has a different connotation than the other three, which reflect
a savings associated with deregulating the Anchorage utility.
SENATOR ELLIS removed his objection to adopting the committee
substitute.
CHAIR GARY STEVENS announced SCS CSHB 108, \I version, to be
before the committee.
1:57:00 PM
KATE GIARD, Chair, Regulatory Commission of Alaska, said she was
available for questions, but she wasn't prepared to comment on
the Senate CS.
She clarified that RCCs are collected from all regulated
utilities and the funds go into a pool and that the AWWU
ratepayers have been paying into the general pool to support the
regulatory effort of the RCA. As far as regulatory costs going
down, she agreed that Anchorage ratepayers would pay about
$500,000 less in RCCs according to the AWWU calculations. That
money is comprised of the amount that is paid to the RCA and to
the attorney general for public advocacy.
Certainly those fees would be reduced in exchange for the local
control, but she wasn't sure all the costs would go away because
the new structure might be similar.
She said the RCA has provided the utility some protection from
transfer of costs from local government over to the public
utility. She mentioned that because it has been an issue in the
instance of Fairbanks.
2:03:41 PM
VIRGINIA RUSH testified that she is an attorney working on
behalf of the AARP. She advised she has worked in the utility
regulation field for many years and although she represented the
RCA previously, she no longer has any connection to the
commission.
AARP opposes HB 108 including the language of the Senate CS
because it is not consistent with AARP principles on utilities.
Those principles include:
· Regulatory Authority - Independent fully funded and
staffed regulators that are focused on residential
ratepayers and empowered to initiate investigates and
enforce laws and regulations
· Public Participation - Broadly publicized hearings
on proposed changes in public utility rates that are
conducted locally with consumer participation
· Consumer Representation - Independent fully funded
and adequately staffed consumer advocacy organizations
empowered to initiate investigations and authorized to
represent residential ratepayers before state and federal
regulators and in the courts.
AARP intends to work with the city to develop a process that
meets principles, but they don't know if the new rate making
body will be independent of the municipality's own financial
interests. That's important so that the body isn't under
pressure to shift taxpayer costs to utility ratepayers. It's
also unclear whether the consumer advocate would be independent
and fully funded and have necessary access to information to
examine the utility rate cases.
Of major concern is the effect the bill will have on the current
rate case before the RCA. AWWU should not be able to ask for new
rates the day after the RCA decision if it doesn't like them and
HB 108 and the proposed committee substitute would allow that.
Relating the rate case before the RCA to help members understand
the concern, she said:
AWWU is seeking a total increase of over $10 million
per year from its ratepayers and 18 percent increase
in rates. ... $6 million of that $10 million is due to
a change that's already been approved by the Anchorage
Assembly that increases the municipal utility
surcharge assessment, which is the payment in lieu of
taxes that's charged to these utilities. What that
means is that this large rate increase reflects rates
through which ratepayers pay more than $6 million in
additional taxes to the municipality through their
utility rates.
The consumer advocate - which is the AG or RAPPA as
Mr. Prima called it - the AGs position is that this
increase shouldn't be allowed and with other costs
that the AG says should be disallowed, the consumer
advocates position before the RCA is that this utility
doesn't need a rate increase at all.
The RCA process does follow the AARP principles promoting a
public process, public participation, consumer representation,
and an independent decision maker. Any rates the RCA adopts
should have a reasonable life before AWWU is able to file a new
rate case. There aren't any cost savings if AWWU files a new
rate case the day after the RCA issues its decision. The only
reason for doing that would be the desire to have a second bite
at the apple because it doesn't like the decision.
AARP specifically objects to the provision that would make the
affect of the RCA decision end immediately if AWWU files a new
rate case. She thought the CS says AWWU could file a new rate
case based on the 2004 test year so they could start preparing a
rate case immediately and present it immediately after the RCA
decision if they don't like it.
AARP suggested a version that would allow AWWU to file a new
rate case only after a full test year after HB 108 passes. That
would mean the earliest filing would be about 2007.
She noted that the ratemaking system that Anchorage is proposing
is similar to that used when Fairbanks received APUC approval to
sell its utilities to a private entity. The problem in that
instance was that the city could not or would not raise rates
high enough to cover the tax payments the city drew off and also
provide needed repairs and investments for the utility. Armed
with that knowledge, she couldn't understand why Anchorage was
so eager to enter into a similar situation.
2:14:19 PM
SENATOR WAGONER took issue with the underlying assumption that
municipalities should all have regulated utilities because some
do indeed do a good job of running their own water and utility
systems. He said the Kenai and Soldotna systems are very healthy
and he questioned why she would think that the City of Anchorage
isn't capable of having a similarly healthy system.
MS. RUSH clarified she was not addressing any regulatory system
not covered by this bill. AARP is only concerned about whether
the City of Anchorage would regulate its utilities in a way that
is in line with the AARP principles.
2:16:28 PM
KATHY WASSERMAN, Policy and Program Director, Alaska Municipal
League (AML), said AML always advocates for local decisions and
control to be made locally. The RCA is an extra layer that
imposes extra cost and work. As the former mayor of Pelican, the
only other Alaska community that is regulated by RCA, she has
first hand knowledge of the extra work and money that the extra
layer entails.
When Pelican received the utility from a private interest, the
maintenance was deplorable and the rates weren't enough to keep
the utility alive. At that time and in that instance, the RCA
certainly didn't do what Ms. Giard says they will do. Local
elected officials are more responsive, make wiser choices and
usually can make more efficient, effective and timely decisions.
As the state looks for ways to pass costs on to local
governments, this would be a positive and beneficial way to do
just that, she concluded.
2:18:57 PM
SENATOR WAGONER referenced a fiscal note analysis and told Ms.
Giard he questions charging other regulated bodies more money if
the RCA were to lose the money paid in by the AWWU.
MS. GIARD asked if that statement was from the Department of Law
(DOL) because the fiscal note analysis filed by the RCA stated
that the loss in revenue would be equivalent to about three
positions.
SENATOR WAGONER said it was from the Department of Law.
MS. GIARD clarified that the RCA didn't say that and they don't
support the DOL statement. RCA believes it is inappropriate to
try to maintain regulatory control over an entity to simply
receive revenue and not provide regulatory service.
SENATOR WAGONER thanked her for the clarification.
MS. GIARD said RCA revenues aren't as much as were anticipated
and they have already released eight staff members in an effort
to stay within budget. Certainly they wouldn't advocate
increasing revenues or holding onto a utility to get revenue.
CHAIR GARY STEVENS asked Mr. Prima to respond to the concern
about the potential for cost shifting to the Anchorage
ratepayers and what would happen if the bill were to pass.
MR. PRIMA said the decision in the current RCA rate case will go
into effect regardless of the effective date of the bill and
that the utility will abide by the RCA rate case decisions.
Cost shifting is always a concern for municipal departments and
the best prevention is to have local control and local
assemblies. Local officials tend to be very responsive he said.
He referenced the letter from Mayor Begich regarding how the
authority would be set up and suggested that it does speak to
the principles of the AARP.
There were no further questions or comments.
2:26:21 PM
CHAIR GARY STEVENS asked for a motion.
SENATOR WAGONER motioned to report SCS CSHB 108(CRA) \I version
and attached 4 fiscal notes from committee with individual
recommendations. There being no objection, it was so ordered.
SB 114-SERVICE AREAS IN SECOND CLASS BOROUGHS
2:27:50 PM
CHAIR GARY STEVENS announced SB 114 to be up for consideration.
MELANIE LESH, Staff to Senator Gary Stevens, informed members
the committee substitute (CS) \G version was adopted at the
March 9, 2005 meeting.
MS. LESH recapped the issue briefly explaining that a great
number of road service areas were created when state revenue
sharing was distributed by road mile. With the termination of
revenue sharing, a number of road service areas have
insufficient funding to conduct road maintenance. SB 114 was
introduced to allow second-class boroughs to consolidate or
dissolve such service areas that are nonfunctioning or
functioning below standard under AS 29. Any service areas that
are taxing themselves adequately to maintain safe roads are not
affected. Local assemblies would make consolidation or
dissolution decisions.
CHAIR GARY STEVENS called a brief at ease from 2:29:54 PM to
2:31:18 PM
CHAIR GARY STEVENS reconvened the meeting and asked Ms. Logan to
give testimony.
2:31:37 PM
ATHENA LOGAN, Local Government Specialist with the Department of
Commerce Community and Economic Development (DCCED), reported
that the department endorses measures to give local governments
flexibility to provide an efficient delivery of services and SB
114 does so for second-class boroughs.
She observed that the bill gives greater flexibility and
authority to second-class boroughs than it does to home rule
boroughs. Under the Alaska Constitution, home rule represents
maximum self-governance. State law doesn't place a greater
restriction on a home rule local government than it does on
general law, local governments, but SB 114 does just that. This
seems contrary to the intent of home rule local government, she
said.
She also observed that there is nothing unique about a second-
class borough that would suggest that the measures in SB 114 are
needed for that particular class of borough but not the other
classes of boroughs.
The Ketchikan Gateway Borough is a second-class borough and
under this bill the local assembly would gain needed
flexibility. However, a petition is currently pending before the
Local Boundary Commission (LBC) that would convert the Ketchikan
Gateway Borough into a home rule borough if approved by the
commission and the voters. If that occurs and the bill passes as
currently written, the Ketchikan Borough Assembly would lose the
flexibility accorded to second-class boroughs.
MS. LOGAN reiterated the department endorses measures that would
give borough government flexibility needed to provide for the
efficient delivery of services, but SB 114 does so only for
second-class boroughs.
She noted members had copies of a March 9, 2005 legal opinion
from Marjorie Vandor, Assistant Attorney General, supporting
DCCED's understanding of the bill.
2:33:46 PM
CHAIR GARY STEVENS asked Ms. Broker to respond to Ms. Logan's
comments regarding second-class and home rule boroughs.
RENE BROKER, Attorney for the Fairbanks North Star Borough
replied SB 114 addresses a problem that only second-class
boroughs face. Home rule boroughs do have more powers than
second-class boroughs, but with more power comes greater
flexibility and ability to deal with problems that second-class
boroughs don't have. Second-class boroughs don't have road
powers in particular so they can only exercise road powers
through service areas so second-class boroughs have an issue and
problem that home rule municipalities aren't experiencing.
2:35:12 PM
CHAIR GARY STEVENS said the issue might take more thought and
announced he would hold SB 114 in committee.
SB 86-STATE/MUNI LIABILITY FOR ATTORNEY FEES
2:35:48 PM
CHAIR GARY STEVENS announced SB 86 to be up for consideration.
He noted the committee amended the bill at the previous hearing.
CHAIR GARY STEVENS called a brief at ease at 2:36:31 PM.
MELANIE LESH, staff to Senator Gary Stevens, explained that the
change occurred on page 2, line 5. Mr. Brandt-Erichsen,
Ketchikan Gateway Borough Attorney, suggested deleting the
words, "costs or" and inserting "attorney" because the bill
addresses attorney fees rather than costs.
CHAIR GARY STEVENS noted there were no questions and asked for a
motion.
2:42:09 PM
SENATOR WAGONER motioned to report the \G version CSSB 86(CRA)
and attached fiscal notes from committee with individual
recommendations.
SENATOR ELLIS objected.
CHAIR GARY STEVENS called for a roll call vote. The motion
passed with Senators Kookesh and Ellis voting nay and Senators
Stedman, Wagoner and Chair Gary Stevens voting yea.
CSSB 86(CRA) \G version and attached fiscal notes moved from
committee.
2:42:47 PM
There being no further business to come before the committee,
Chair Gary Stevens adjourned the meeting at 2:42:49 PM.
| Document Name | Date/Time | Subjects |
|---|